Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation
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Xinglian Geng
Abstract
Three major types of paper mill sludge, primary sludge (PS), secondary sludge (SS) and de-inking paper sludge (DPS) were characterized and evaluated as adhesive fillers. Plywood panels were made of formulations with phenol formaldehyde (PF) and sludges. Panels with PF/PS and PF/SS formulations had higher dry and wet shear strengths than those made with PF/Cocob® formulation. All wood failure values were comparable. Dry and wet shear strengths of the panels with PF/DPS formulation were comparable to those of the PF/Cocob® panels (with Cocob® as a commercial filler), but the former displayed a much lower wood failure value. Owing to this fact and its high ash content, DPS was not evaluated further as a potential component of adhesive formulations. Compared with SS, PS resulted in higher dry and wet shear strengths and higher wood failure values. However, granular SS was easier to disperse into the resin component than fibrous PS, and the PF/SS formulation was more easily dispensed on aspen veneer sheets than the PF/PS formulation. SS alone displayed adhesive properties with 0.87 MPa of dry shear strength, but PS alone did not exhibit any bond strength. PS and SS were further evaluated for their general thermal behavior and major functional groups using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, respectively.
©2007 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- Acknowledgement
- Subject index
- Contents Volume 61 (2007)
- Author index
- Species index (scientific names)
- Meetings
- Improvement of Pinus pinaster Ait elite trees selection by combining near infrared spectroscopy and genetic tools
- Direct method for the determination of phenolic hydroxyl groups in pulp
- Comparative effect of ozone, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide on lignin: Reactions affecting pulp colour in the final bleaching stage
- Structural modification of eucalypt pulp lignin in a totally chlorine-free bleaching sequence including a laccase-mediator stage
- Analysis of wood tissues by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Isolation and identification of residual chromophores from aged bleached pulp samples
- Studies on oxidative modifications of cellulose in the periodate system: Molecular weight distribution and carbonyl group profiles
- Lignin-carbohydrate network in wood and pulps: A determinant for reactivity
- Cross polarisation/magic angle spinning 13C-NMR spectroscopic studies of cellulose structural changes in hardwood dissolving pulp process
- Fungal decay of spruce and beech wood assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with uni- and multivariate data analysis
- Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation
- Implementation of sorption hysteresis in multi-Fickian moisture transport
- Time/temperature equivalence in the dry wood creep response
- Neural network prediction of bending strength and stiffness in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf.)
- Bending properties of particleboard and MDF layers
- Gold as an X-ray CT scanning contrast agent: Effect on the mechanical properties of wood plastic composites
- Lignin modification in the initial phase of softwood kraft pulp delignification with polyoxometalates (POMs)
Articles in the same Issue
- Acknowledgement
- Subject index
- Contents Volume 61 (2007)
- Author index
- Species index (scientific names)
- Meetings
- Improvement of Pinus pinaster Ait elite trees selection by combining near infrared spectroscopy and genetic tools
- Direct method for the determination of phenolic hydroxyl groups in pulp
- Comparative effect of ozone, chlorine dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide on lignin: Reactions affecting pulp colour in the final bleaching stage
- Structural modification of eucalypt pulp lignin in a totally chlorine-free bleaching sequence including a laccase-mediator stage
- Analysis of wood tissues by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- Isolation and identification of residual chromophores from aged bleached pulp samples
- Studies on oxidative modifications of cellulose in the periodate system: Molecular weight distribution and carbonyl group profiles
- Lignin-carbohydrate network in wood and pulps: A determinant for reactivity
- Cross polarisation/magic angle spinning 13C-NMR spectroscopic studies of cellulose structural changes in hardwood dissolving pulp process
- Fungal decay of spruce and beech wood assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with uni- and multivariate data analysis
- Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation
- Implementation of sorption hysteresis in multi-Fickian moisture transport
- Time/temperature equivalence in the dry wood creep response
- Neural network prediction of bending strength and stiffness in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf.)
- Bending properties of particleboard and MDF layers
- Gold as an X-ray CT scanning contrast agent: Effect on the mechanical properties of wood plastic composites
- Lignin modification in the initial phase of softwood kraft pulp delignification with polyoxometalates (POMs)
