Rho GTPases as Targets of Bacterial Protein Toxins
-
K. Aktories
Abstract
Several bacterial toxins target Rho GTPases, which constitute molecular switches in several signaling processes and master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. The biological activities of Rho GTPases are blocked by C3-like transferases, which ADP-ribosylate Rho at Asn41, but not Rac or Cdc42. Large clostridial cytotoxins (e. g., Clostridium difficile toxin A and B) glucosylate Rho GTPases at Thr37 (Rho) or Thr35 (Rac/Cdc42), thereby inhibiting Rho functions by preventing effector coupling. The ‘injected’ toxins ExoS, YopE and SptP from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia and Salmonella ssp., respectively, which are transferred into the eukaryotic target cells by the type-III secretion system, inhibit Rho functions by acting as Rho GAP proteins. Rho GTPases are activated by the cytotoxic necrotizing factors CNF1 and CNF2 from Escherichia coli and by the dermonecrotizing toxin DNT from B. bronchiseptica. These toxins deamidate/ transglutaminate Gln63 of Rho to block the intrinsic and GAP-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, thereby constitutively activating the GTPases. Rho GTPases are also activated by SopE, a type-III system injected protein from Salmonella ssp., that acts as a GEF protein.
Copyright © 2000 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG
Articles in the same Issue
- Highlight: GTP Binding Proteins Central Regulators in Cell Biology
- Signal Transduction and Post-Transcriptional Gene Expression
- Regulation of GTPases in the Bacterial Translation Machinery
- GTPase Mechanisms and Functions of Translation Factors on the Ribosome
- The Role of Heterotrimeric G Proteins in Platelet Activation
- Upstream and Downstream of Ran GTPase
- Nogo-A, a Potent Inhibitor of Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration
- Rho GTPases as Targets of Bacterial Protein Toxins
- A Conserved Gβ Binding (GBB) Sequence Motif in Ste20p/PAK Family Protein Kinases
- Identification of a CpG Island in the Human LRP-2 Gene and Analysis of Its Methylation Status in Parathyroid Adenomas
- Theoretical Description of the Direct Exponential Amplification and Sequencing (DEXAS) Method
- Adenine Nucleotide N-Glycosidase Activity of the A-Chain of Cinnamomin Characterized by 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Msb4p, a Protein Involved in Cdc42p-Dependent Organization of the Actin Cytoskeleton, Is a Ypt/Rab-Specific GAP
- Muscle Phosphorylase Kinase Is Not a Substrate of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
- Cationic Lipopolyamines Induce Degradation of PrPSc in Scrapie-Infected Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase D of Human Serum Activity Modulation by Naturally Occurring Amphiphiles
- Retrieval of the mrp2 Gene Encoded Conjugate Export Pump from the Canalicular Membrane Contributes to Cholestasis Induced by tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide and Chloro-Dinitrobenzene
- Matrix Metalloproteinases-2, -3, -7, -9 and -10, But Not MMP-11, Are Differentially Expressed in Normal, Benign Tumorigenic and Malignant Human Keratinocyte Cell Lines
- Human Keratinocyte Cell Lines Differ in the Expression of the Collagenolytic Matrix Metallo-proteinases-1, -8, and -13 and of TIMP-1
- Inducibility of the Streptomyces traRts107-Ptra Expression Cassette in Mycobacterium smegmatis
- Shortest Known Prion Protein Allele in Highly BSE-Susceptible Lemurs
- Prostaglandin Deficiency Promotes Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase
Articles in the same Issue
- Highlight: GTP Binding Proteins Central Regulators in Cell Biology
- Signal Transduction and Post-Transcriptional Gene Expression
- Regulation of GTPases in the Bacterial Translation Machinery
- GTPase Mechanisms and Functions of Translation Factors on the Ribosome
- The Role of Heterotrimeric G Proteins in Platelet Activation
- Upstream and Downstream of Ran GTPase
- Nogo-A, a Potent Inhibitor of Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration
- Rho GTPases as Targets of Bacterial Protein Toxins
- A Conserved Gβ Binding (GBB) Sequence Motif in Ste20p/PAK Family Protein Kinases
- Identification of a CpG Island in the Human LRP-2 Gene and Analysis of Its Methylation Status in Parathyroid Adenomas
- Theoretical Description of the Direct Exponential Amplification and Sequencing (DEXAS) Method
- Adenine Nucleotide N-Glycosidase Activity of the A-Chain of Cinnamomin Characterized by 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Msb4p, a Protein Involved in Cdc42p-Dependent Organization of the Actin Cytoskeleton, Is a Ypt/Rab-Specific GAP
- Muscle Phosphorylase Kinase Is Not a Substrate of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
- Cationic Lipopolyamines Induce Degradation of PrPSc in Scrapie-Infected Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells
- Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase D of Human Serum Activity Modulation by Naturally Occurring Amphiphiles
- Retrieval of the mrp2 Gene Encoded Conjugate Export Pump from the Canalicular Membrane Contributes to Cholestasis Induced by tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide and Chloro-Dinitrobenzene
- Matrix Metalloproteinases-2, -3, -7, -9 and -10, But Not MMP-11, Are Differentially Expressed in Normal, Benign Tumorigenic and Malignant Human Keratinocyte Cell Lines
- Human Keratinocyte Cell Lines Differ in the Expression of the Collagenolytic Matrix Metallo-proteinases-1, -8, and -13 and of TIMP-1
- Inducibility of the Streptomyces traRts107-Ptra Expression Cassette in Mycobacterium smegmatis
- Shortest Known Prion Protein Allele in Highly BSE-Susceptible Lemurs
- Prostaglandin Deficiency Promotes Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase
