6.7.1 Loi-Cadre & the Autonomous Republic of Togoland (1956)

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter 1
2. Contents 5
3. List of Photographs, Figures, and Maps 9
4. List of Tables 11
5. List of Abbreviations 13
6. Acknowledgements 15
7. 1. Introduction
8. 1.1 Secessionist Conflict in “Western Togoland” 17
9. 1.2 Research Puzzle & Goal 32
10. 1.3 Argument & Approach 33
11. 1.4 Relevance & Contribution 35
12. 1.5 Outline 35
13. 2. State of the Art
14. 2.1 Neo-Trusteeship & (In)Security
15. 2.1.1 Antecedents: From Transitional to Structural Problems (1960–1970s) 38
16. 2.1.2 The 1^st Generation: Of ‘Quasi’ & ‘Failed States’ 38
17. 2.1.3 The 2^nd Generation: From Peace-Keeping to State-Building 45
18. 2.1.4 The 3^rd Generation: Colonial Reminiscence 48
19. 2.1.5 The 4^th Generation: The Local Turn 57
20. 2.1.7 Postcolonial Security Studies 61
21. 2.2 Trusteeship & (De)Colonisation
22. 2.2.1 Origins of Trusteeship 67
23. 2.2.2 The United Nations Trusteeship System & Security 72
24. 2.3 Togoland
25. 2.3.1 State- & Nationhood 79
26. 2.3.2 Security 87
27. 2.4 Situating the Research Agenda 91
28. 3. Theoretical Framework
29. 3.1 Copenhagen School
30. 3.1.1 Internalist vs. Externalist Understanding 97
31. 3.1.2 The Audience’s Agency 98
32. 3.1.3 Securitisation Theory? Or: How to Predict the Present 100
33. 3.1.4 Historicisation of Security & Securitisation of History 102
34. 3.1.5 Securitisation in a Postcolonial Reading 105
35. 3.2 Paris School 110
36. 3.3 Research Perspective 112
37. 4. Methods 115
38. 4.1 Research Design
39. 4.1.1 A Constructivist Study 115
40. 4.1.2 A Qualitative & Comparative Study 117
41. 4.2 Archival Research
42. 4.2.1 Archives Visited 121
43. 4.2.2 Challenge of Access & Supplementary Sources 124
44. 4.2.3 Research Procedure & Evaluation 128
45. 5. Historical Background: From Slave Coast to Mandate Territory
46. 5.1 Precolonial Era & Introduction of European Rule
47. 5.1.1 From ‘Gold Coast’ to ‘Slave Coast’ 132
48. 5.1.2 Ewe Heterogeneity 133
49. 5.1.3 The Emergence of ‘Eweness 135
50. 5.2 The ‘Schutzgebiet Togoland’
51. 5.2.1 Drawing Borders & Conquest of the Hinterland 139
52. 5.2.2 Exploitation & Modernization 141
53. 5.2.3 Petitions as Anticolonial Resistance 143
54. 5.3 Togoland under Mandate
55. 5.3.1 Creation of the Mandates System 145
56. 5.3.2 French & British Togoland under Mandate 158
57. 6. The Securitisation of Ewe & Togoland Unification before the United Nations
58. 6.1 Bringing Togoland under United Nations Trusteeship
59. 6.1.1 Establishment of the United Nations Trusteeship System 169
60. 6.1.2 The Instruments of International Supervision 172
61. 6.2 The All-Ewe-Conference & First Petitions under Trusteeship
62. 6.2.1 Formation of the ‘Ewe Parties’ 179
63. 6.2.2 Establishment of the Petition Procedure 182
64. 6.3 Security Matters: Trouble in Accra & Abidjan (1948–1951)
65. 6.3.1 The Accra Riots & the Special Branch 194
66. 6.3.2 The Abidjan Troubles & the Service de Sûreté 202
67. 6.4 Securitising Petitions I: Trusteeship Council (1949–1951)
68. 6.4.1 New Restrictions for Petitions & Visiting Missions (1949) 204
69. 6.4.2 The Anglo-French “Master Stroke” (1950) 217
70. 6.4.3 From Ewe to Togoland Unification (1951) 226
71. 6.5 Securitising Petitions II: The General Assembly (1951–1955)
72. 6.5.1 After Vogan: Double Standard for Examining Petitions (1951) 239
73. 6.5.2 Political Development under Security Surveillance (1952) 245
74. 6.5.3 Securitising the French “Reign of Terror” (1952) 253
75. 6.5.4 A Spectre haunts Africa – the Spectre of the “Red Menace” (1953) 262
76. 6.6 Turning the Tides I: British Togoland (1954–1957)
77. 6.6.1 “A New Type of Threat” (1954) 278
78. 6.6.2 Action Plan & Internal Security Updates (1955) 290
79. 6.6.3 The 3^rd Visiting Mission (1955) 293
80. 6.6.4 Anglo-French Arrangements for the Togoland Referenda (1955) 296
81. 6.6.5 The British Togoland Referendum (1956) 301
82. 6.7 Turning the Tides II: French Togoland (1956–1960)
83. 6.7.1 Loi-Cadre & the Autonomous Republic of Togoland (1956) 304
84. 6.7.2 The French Togoland Referendum (1956) 308
85. 6.8 The Independence of British & French Togoland
86. 6.8.1 Securitising the Independence of French Togoland (1957) 326
87. 6.8.2 The Parliamentary Election in French Togoland (1958) 338
88. 6.8.3 Termination of Trusteeship & Independence 344
89. 6.9 Post-Independence Conflict
90. 6.9.1 Repressive Tit-For-Tat (1960–1962) 354
91. 6.9.2 Assassination of Olympio (1963) 362
92. 6.9.3 Aftermath: Rise & Demise of The Togoland Liberation Movement 365
93. 7. Conclusion
94. 7.1 General Summary 367
95. 7.2 Key Findings and Conclusion
96. 7.2.1 Sub-Question 1: (In)Securitisation by the Administering Authorities 369
97. 7.2.2 Sub-Question 2: Securitisation by the Petitioners 373
98. 7.2.3 Sub-Question 3: The United Nations as an Audience of Securitisation 375
99. 7.2.4 General Conclusion 377
100. 7.3 Potentials, Limits, Outlook 380
101. Bibliography 383