3 Manganese Complexes as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Abstract
Manganese is an essential element. With five unpaired electrons, slow electron spin relaxation and fast water exchange, Mn2C is an excellent nuclear relaxation probe and the most promising alternative to replace Gd3C in contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Given the labile nature of the Mn2C ion, its complexation in thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert complexes is difficult. Moreover, the complexes also need to contain inner sphere water to maintain good relaxivity. In the last decade, a large body of data has been gathered including linear and macrocyclic complexes as well as cage molecules which allow now to establish relationships between the structure of the Mn2C complexes and their stability, inertness and relaxation properties, and this constitutes the basis for a rational design of more stable and efficient probes. In addition, high spin Mn3C is also a good relaxation agent and Mn3C complexes, in particular porphyrins, have been investigated as MRI probes. Chelates of both Mn2C and Mn3C have been explored to derive smart MRI agents with a specific response to various biomarkers, such as pH, enzymes or redox indicators. This chapter surveys shortly these different fields where manganese-based complexes are exploited in relation to MRI.
Abstract
Manganese is an essential element. With five unpaired electrons, slow electron spin relaxation and fast water exchange, Mn2C is an excellent nuclear relaxation probe and the most promising alternative to replace Gd3C in contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Given the labile nature of the Mn2C ion, its complexation in thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert complexes is difficult. Moreover, the complexes also need to contain inner sphere water to maintain good relaxivity. In the last decade, a large body of data has been gathered including linear and macrocyclic complexes as well as cage molecules which allow now to establish relationships between the structure of the Mn2C complexes and their stability, inertness and relaxation properties, and this constitutes the basis for a rational design of more stable and efficient probes. In addition, high spin Mn3C is also a good relaxation agent and Mn3C complexes, in particular porphyrins, have been investigated as MRI probes. Chelates of both Mn2C and Mn3C have been explored to derive smart MRI agents with a specific response to various biomarkers, such as pH, enzymes or redox indicators. This chapter surveys shortly these different fields where manganese-based complexes are exploited in relation to MRI.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the Editors v
- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series Metal Ions in Life Sciences vii
- Preface to Volume 22 Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques ix
- Contents xiii
- Contributors to Volume 22 xix
- Titles of Volumes 1–44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series xxiii
- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series xxv
- 1 Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques: A Short Overview 1
- 2 Gadolinium(III)-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A Re-Appraisal 39
- 3 Manganese Complexes as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 71
- 4 Metal Ion Complexes in Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (ParaCEST) 101
- 5 Lanthanide Complexes Used for Optical Imaging 137
- 6 Radiometals for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging 157
- 7 99mTechnetium-Based Imaging Agents and Developments in 99Tc Chemistry 195
- 8 Paramagnetic Metal Ion Probes for 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging 239
- 9 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Bio-Imaging 271
- 10 Magnetic Resonance Contrast Enhancement and Therapeutic Properties of Corrole Nanoparticles 299
- 11 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Driven Theranostics 315
- 12 Magnetic Resonance Theranostics: An Overview of Gadolinium(III)-Based Strategies and Magnetic Particle Imaging 347
- 13 Luminescence Imaging of Cancer Cells 371
- 14 Iridium(III) Complexes in Bio-Imaging Including Mitochondria 403
- 15 Imaging Bacteria with Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance 425
- 16 Transition Metals and Imaging Probes in Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases 437
- 17 Heavy Elements for X-Ray Contrast 457
- Subject Index 485
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- About the Editors v
- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series Metal Ions in Life Sciences vii
- Preface to Volume 22 Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques ix
- Contents xiii
- Contributors to Volume 22 xix
- Titles of Volumes 1–44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series xxiii
- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series xxv
- 1 Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques: A Short Overview 1
- 2 Gadolinium(III)-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A Re-Appraisal 39
- 3 Manganese Complexes as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 71
- 4 Metal Ion Complexes in Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (ParaCEST) 101
- 5 Lanthanide Complexes Used for Optical Imaging 137
- 6 Radiometals for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging 157
- 7 99mTechnetium-Based Imaging Agents and Developments in 99Tc Chemistry 195
- 8 Paramagnetic Metal Ion Probes for 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging 239
- 9 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Bio-Imaging 271
- 10 Magnetic Resonance Contrast Enhancement and Therapeutic Properties of Corrole Nanoparticles 299
- 11 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Driven Theranostics 315
- 12 Magnetic Resonance Theranostics: An Overview of Gadolinium(III)-Based Strategies and Magnetic Particle Imaging 347
- 13 Luminescence Imaging of Cancer Cells 371
- 14 Iridium(III) Complexes in Bio-Imaging Including Mitochondria 403
- 15 Imaging Bacteria with Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance 425
- 16 Transition Metals and Imaging Probes in Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases 437
- 17 Heavy Elements for X-Ray Contrast 457
- Subject Index 485
