8. Novel trends in technology of surfactants
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Abstract
Surface active agents are amphipathic molecules that consist of a nonpolar hydrophobic portion, usually a straight or branched hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chain containing 8-18 carbon atoms (tail), which is attached to a polar or ionic portion (hydrophilic head). The classification of surfactants refers to the behavior of head in solutions. Therefore, the hydrophilic portion can be nonionic, zwitterionic or ionic and accompanied by counter ions in the last case. The production technology of surfactants depends on the final structure of surfactant. The manuscripts describe the methods of obtaining the most important compounds such as soap, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonate, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, sulfosuccinates. Not only the anionic surfactant production method is presented but also cationic and amphoteric synthesis routes are shown. In the nonionic group of surfactants, several classes can be distinguished: alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, monoalkaolamide ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers. Another important class of nonionics is the multihydroxy products such as glycol esters, glycerol (and polyglycerol) esters, glucosides (and polyglucosides) and sucrose esters. Amine oxides and sulphinyl surfactants represent nonionics with a small head group. They are all produced and used widely throughout the world in a multitude of industries.
Abstract
Surface active agents are amphipathic molecules that consist of a nonpolar hydrophobic portion, usually a straight or branched hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chain containing 8-18 carbon atoms (tail), which is attached to a polar or ionic portion (hydrophilic head). The classification of surfactants refers to the behavior of head in solutions. Therefore, the hydrophilic portion can be nonionic, zwitterionic or ionic and accompanied by counter ions in the last case. The production technology of surfactants depends on the final structure of surfactant. The manuscripts describe the methods of obtaining the most important compounds such as soap, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonate, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, sulfosuccinates. Not only the anionic surfactant production method is presented but also cationic and amphoteric synthesis routes are shown. In the nonionic group of surfactants, several classes can be distinguished: alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sorbitan ester ethoxylates, monoalkaolamide ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymers. Another important class of nonionics is the multihydroxy products such as glycol esters, glycerol (and polyglycerol) esters, glucosides (and polyglucosides) and sucrose esters. Amine oxides and sulphinyl surfactants represent nonionics with a small head group. They are all produced and used widely throughout the world in a multitude of industries.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Contents vii
- List of contributing authors xiii
- 1. Inorganic acids – technology background and future perspectives 1
- 2. Innovative processes in the production of inorganic bases and derived salts of current interest 33
- 3. Technology of simple hydrocarbon intermediates 65
- 4. Technology of large volume alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters 101
- 5. Trends in technology of oxygen containing hydrocarbons: aldehydes, ketones, ethers 147
- 6. Novel technologies of nitrogen-based compounds 163
- 7. Halogened hydrocarbons – current trends 193
- 8. Novel trends in technology of surfactants 223
- 9. Process simulation approach in computer aided industrial design 251
- 10. Synthesis and synthetic mechanism of Polylactic acid 281
- Index 297
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Contents vii
- List of contributing authors xiii
- 1. Inorganic acids – technology background and future perspectives 1
- 2. Innovative processes in the production of inorganic bases and derived salts of current interest 33
- 3. Technology of simple hydrocarbon intermediates 65
- 4. Technology of large volume alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters 101
- 5. Trends in technology of oxygen containing hydrocarbons: aldehydes, ketones, ethers 147
- 6. Novel technologies of nitrogen-based compounds 163
- 7. Halogened hydrocarbons – current trends 193
- 8. Novel trends in technology of surfactants 223
- 9. Process simulation approach in computer aided industrial design 251
- 10. Synthesis and synthetic mechanism of Polylactic acid 281
- Index 297
