5. Trends in technology of oxygen containing hydrocarbons: aldehydes, ketones, ethers
Abstract
The structural element of many organic compounds in which the carbon atom combines with the oxygen atom in a double bond is called the carbonyl group. Both atoms forming such a double bond are characterized by hybridization of the sp2 type. Spatially, these two atoms and two other atoms directly related to the carbon atom lie in the same plane. One of the carbon-oxygen bonds is of σ type, formed by two overlapping sp2 orbital bonds, while the other is of π type, realized through the commonalization of non-hybridized electrons from orbital π. The carbonyl group “-C=O” is a common element in the structure of aldehydes and ketones and to a large extent determines their chemical properties. Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is connected by one single bond to the hydrogen atom and the other to the rest of the hydrocarbon molecule. In aldehydes, the C=O group occurs at the end of the carbon chain; it is connected with a single C-C bond; the fourth bond is saturated with hydrogen atom. Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group which is combined with two hydrocarbon groups. In ketones, the C=O group occurs within the carbon chain of molecules; the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is secondary. Ethers are organic compounds in which C-O-C bonds are present, where none of the carbon atoms is bound to more than one oxygen atom.
Abstract
The structural element of many organic compounds in which the carbon atom combines with the oxygen atom in a double bond is called the carbonyl group. Both atoms forming such a double bond are characterized by hybridization of the sp2 type. Spatially, these two atoms and two other atoms directly related to the carbon atom lie in the same plane. One of the carbon-oxygen bonds is of σ type, formed by two overlapping sp2 orbital bonds, while the other is of π type, realized through the commonalization of non-hybridized electrons from orbital π. The carbonyl group “-C=O” is a common element in the structure of aldehydes and ketones and to a large extent determines their chemical properties. Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is connected by one single bond to the hydrogen atom and the other to the rest of the hydrocarbon molecule. In aldehydes, the C=O group occurs at the end of the carbon chain; it is connected with a single C-C bond; the fourth bond is saturated with hydrogen atom. Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group which is combined with two hydrocarbon groups. In ketones, the C=O group occurs within the carbon chain of molecules; the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is secondary. Ethers are organic compounds in which C-O-C bonds are present, where none of the carbon atoms is bound to more than one oxygen atom.
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Contents vii
- List of contributing authors xiii
- 1. Inorganic acids – technology background and future perspectives 1
- 2. Innovative processes in the production of inorganic bases and derived salts of current interest 33
- 3. Technology of simple hydrocarbon intermediates 65
- 4. Technology of large volume alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters 101
- 5. Trends in technology of oxygen containing hydrocarbons: aldehydes, ketones, ethers 147
- 6. Novel technologies of nitrogen-based compounds 163
- 7. Halogened hydrocarbons – current trends 193
- 8. Novel trends in technology of surfactants 223
- 9. Process simulation approach in computer aided industrial design 251
- 10. Synthesis and synthetic mechanism of Polylactic acid 281
- Index 297
Chapters in this book
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Contents vii
- List of contributing authors xiii
- 1. Inorganic acids – technology background and future perspectives 1
- 2. Innovative processes in the production of inorganic bases and derived salts of current interest 33
- 3. Technology of simple hydrocarbon intermediates 65
- 4. Technology of large volume alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters 101
- 5. Trends in technology of oxygen containing hydrocarbons: aldehydes, ketones, ethers 147
- 6. Novel technologies of nitrogen-based compounds 163
- 7. Halogened hydrocarbons – current trends 193
- 8. Novel trends in technology of surfactants 223
- 9. Process simulation approach in computer aided industrial design 251
- 10. Synthesis and synthetic mechanism of Polylactic acid 281
- Index 297
