Die Erfindung der Sein-Sollen-Dichotomie
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Hans Kraml
Abstract
The dichotomy between ‘Is’ and ‘Ought’ is one of the problems that occupied an important place in the debates on Ethics and the possible scientific status of ethical doctrines during the 20th century. The problem was raised by George Edward Moore and is connected with a famous remark by David Hume. Yet the invention of the dichotomy may be traced back to medieval discussions on the character of sentences with respect to the beginnings of an empirical science. The normative content of large parts of every-day talk is from then on thought to be rooted in the will of agents. For the Middle Ages this is the will of god, in a secular context perhaps it is the will of human actors. The paper inquires the impact and some consequences of this development.
Abstract
The dichotomy between ‘Is’ and ‘Ought’ is one of the problems that occupied an important place in the debates on Ethics and the possible scientific status of ethical doctrines during the 20th century. The problem was raised by George Edward Moore and is connected with a famous remark by David Hume. Yet the invention of the dichotomy may be traced back to medieval discussions on the character of sentences with respect to the beginnings of an empirical science. The normative content of large parts of every-day talk is from then on thought to be rooted in the will of agents. For the Middle Ages this is the will of god, in a secular context perhaps it is the will of human actors. The paper inquires the impact and some consequences of this development.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Table of Contents vii
-
1. Constructivism and Beyond
- Are Philosophers′ Actions Realist or Constructivist? 3
- On the Non-Dualizing Rhetoric. Some Preliminary Remarks 17
- Ist der Konstruktivismus selbstwidersprüchlich? 31
- Die Wahrheitsspieler. Strategische Kommunikation als Spiel 45
- Who Wants to Be a Non-Dualist and Why? 59
- Jean Piaget und die Erfindung von Radikalem Konstruktivismus und Kybernetik Zweiter Ordnung 73
- Two Ways of Exploring the World 83
-
2. Epistemology/Epistemological Relativism
- The Truth of Social Constructivism 103
- The Objectivity of Epistemic Values and the Argument from Immersion 117
- Epistemological Realism, Representation, and Intentionality 129
- Angelina’s Truth: Genetic Knowledge, Preventive Medicine, and the Reality of the Possible 137
-
3. Realism versus Relativism
- Neither Realism nor Anti-Realism: How to approach the Anthropocene? 153
- Ein Bild – ohne Betrachter – hielt uns gefangen. Wittgensteins ambivalenter Abschied vom Realismus 167
- Relativisms and Their Opposites 187
- When Paul Met Ludwig: Wittgensteinian Comments on Boghossian’s Antirelativism 203
- Fighting Relativism: Wittgenstein and Kuhn 215
- Wissenschaftstheoretische Überlegungen jenseits von Realismus, Relativismus und Konstruktivismus 233
- Realism without Foundation 241
-
4. Ontology/Ontological Relativism
- Constructed Reality 255
- Ontological Relativism as Transcendental Nominalism 269
- Realism about Identity and Individuality of Conscious Beings 279
- What is the Thing Whose Measure is Money? 293
-
5. Values and Value Relativism
- Relativism about Morality 301
- Slavery and Justice: Williams and Wiggins 313
- A Plurality of True Moralities? Tracing ‘Truth’ in Moral Relativism 327
- Zum Wert von Vertrauen 339
- Die Erfindung der Sein-Sollen-Dichotomie 353
- Wird die Moral von uns geschaffen? 365
-
6. Wittgenstein
- The Sociology of the Supernatural: Wittgenstein’s Lecture on Ethics 381
- Can We Piece Together a Coherent Account of the “Person” from the Writings of Wittgenstein? 397
- Wittgensteins Philosophieren zwischen Kodex und Strategie: Logik, Schach und Farbausdrücke 409
- Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard and the Significance of Silence 425
- Zweifeln können und zweifeln wollen: Über Gewissheit §217–231 435
- Rules and Privacy: Remarks on Philosophical Investigations §202 449
- Index of names 459
- Index of subjects 465
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Frontmatter i
- Preface v
- Table of Contents vii
-
1. Constructivism and Beyond
- Are Philosophers′ Actions Realist or Constructivist? 3
- On the Non-Dualizing Rhetoric. Some Preliminary Remarks 17
- Ist der Konstruktivismus selbstwidersprüchlich? 31
- Die Wahrheitsspieler. Strategische Kommunikation als Spiel 45
- Who Wants to Be a Non-Dualist and Why? 59
- Jean Piaget und die Erfindung von Radikalem Konstruktivismus und Kybernetik Zweiter Ordnung 73
- Two Ways of Exploring the World 83
-
2. Epistemology/Epistemological Relativism
- The Truth of Social Constructivism 103
- The Objectivity of Epistemic Values and the Argument from Immersion 117
- Epistemological Realism, Representation, and Intentionality 129
- Angelina’s Truth: Genetic Knowledge, Preventive Medicine, and the Reality of the Possible 137
-
3. Realism versus Relativism
- Neither Realism nor Anti-Realism: How to approach the Anthropocene? 153
- Ein Bild – ohne Betrachter – hielt uns gefangen. Wittgensteins ambivalenter Abschied vom Realismus 167
- Relativisms and Their Opposites 187
- When Paul Met Ludwig: Wittgensteinian Comments on Boghossian’s Antirelativism 203
- Fighting Relativism: Wittgenstein and Kuhn 215
- Wissenschaftstheoretische Überlegungen jenseits von Realismus, Relativismus und Konstruktivismus 233
- Realism without Foundation 241
-
4. Ontology/Ontological Relativism
- Constructed Reality 255
- Ontological Relativism as Transcendental Nominalism 269
- Realism about Identity and Individuality of Conscious Beings 279
- What is the Thing Whose Measure is Money? 293
-
5. Values and Value Relativism
- Relativism about Morality 301
- Slavery and Justice: Williams and Wiggins 313
- A Plurality of True Moralities? Tracing ‘Truth’ in Moral Relativism 327
- Zum Wert von Vertrauen 339
- Die Erfindung der Sein-Sollen-Dichotomie 353
- Wird die Moral von uns geschaffen? 365
-
6. Wittgenstein
- The Sociology of the Supernatural: Wittgenstein’s Lecture on Ethics 381
- Can We Piece Together a Coherent Account of the “Person” from the Writings of Wittgenstein? 397
- Wittgensteins Philosophieren zwischen Kodex und Strategie: Logik, Schach und Farbausdrücke 409
- Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard and the Significance of Silence 425
- Zweifeln können und zweifeln wollen: Über Gewissheit §217–231 435
- Rules and Privacy: Remarks on Philosophical Investigations §202 449
- Index of names 459
- Index of subjects 465