Injection Molding of Beverage Container Caps Made of a Composite Consisting of Wood Cellulose Fiber and an Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
-
R. Ariño
Abstract
The influence of processing parameters on injection-molded bottle caps consisting of 20 wt% of cellulose fibers and an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer was studied. The study included three cylinder barrel temperatures and three mold temperatures. For each combination of temperatures, the holding pressure time was varied and the mold sealing time was determined. High density polyethylene caps were also produced as reference material, and injection-molded tensile test bars were also produced in order to assess the tensile mechanical properties. The results showed no major differences in sealing time for the caps containing cellulose fibers, except for the highest melt and mold temperatures where a slightly longer time was observed. The viscosity of the composite material was higher than that of the polymeric matrix. For the highest temperature and high shear rates, the viscosity of the composite material was close to the viscosity of the matrix material. The moisture content of the injection-molded bars was less than 1 %, showing that almost no water was absorbed during the compounding or after several months. The crystallinity decreased when the fibers were included but was not influenced by the mold temperature. Enhanced mechanical properties were obtained by using the fibers compared to the pure ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, both in the tensile test bars and in the caps. The reference high density polyethylene had, however, a higher mechanical performance than the composite.
References
Arencón, D., Velasco, J. I., “The Influence of Injection-Molding Variables and Nucleating Additives on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Short Glass Fiber/PET Composites”, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., 15, 317–336 (2002) 10.1177/0892705702015004456Search in Google Scholar
Ariño, R., Boldizar, A., “Processing and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composites Based on Cellulose Fibers And Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 52, 1951–1957 (2012) 10.1002/pen.23134Search in Google Scholar
Ariño, R., Boldizar, A., “Barrier Screw Compounding and Mechanical Properties of EAA Copolymer and Cellulose Fiber Composite”, Int. Polym. Proc., 28, 421–428 (2013a) 10.3139/217.2772Search in Google Scholar
Ariño, R., Boldizar, A., “Melt Processing of Wood Cellulose Tissue and Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Composites”, Int. Polym. Proc., 28, 429–436 (2013b) 10.3139/217.2773Search in Google Scholar
Bagley, E. B., “End Corrections in the Capillary Flow of Polyethylene”, J. Appl. Phys., 28, 624–627 (1957) 10.1063/1.1722814Search in Google Scholar
Bengtsson, M., Baillif, M. L. and Oksman, K., “Extrusion and Mechanical Properties of Highly Filled Cellulose Fibre-Polypropylene Composites”, Composites Part A, 38, 1922–1931 (2007) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.03.004Search in Google Scholar
Bledzki, A. K., Faruk, O. and Sperber, V. E., “Cars from Bio-Fibres”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 291, 449–457 (2006) 10.1002/mame.200600113Search in Google Scholar
Bledzki, A. K., Gassan, J., “Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Based Fibres”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 24, 221–274 (1999) 10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5Search in Google Scholar
Bledzki, A. K., Letman, M., Viksne, A. and Rence, L., “A Comparison of Compounding Processes and Wood Type for Wood Fibre-PP Composites”, Composites Part A, 36, 789–797 (2005) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.10.029Search in Google Scholar
Boldizar, A., Kubát, J., “Measurements of Cycle Time in Injection Molding of Filled Thermoplastics”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 877–885 (1986) 10.1002/pen.760261207Search in Google Scholar
Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H.: Polymer Handbook, 3rd Edition, Johnson Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)Search in Google Scholar
Chanda, M., Roy, S. K., “Chapter 2 Plastics Properties and Testing“, in Plastics Fundamentals, Properties and Testing, Taylor & Francis Group (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 44–45 (2008)10.1201/9781420080612Search in Google Scholar
Cox, H. W., Mentzer, C. C., “Injection Molding: The Effect of Fill Time on Properties”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 488–498 (1986) 10.1002/pen.760260707Search in Google Scholar
Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H.-P. and Sain, M., “Biocomposites Reinforced with Natural Fibers: 2000–2010”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 37, 1552–1596 (2012) 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003Search in Google Scholar
Jawaid, M., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., “Cellulosic/Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review”, Carbohyd. Polym., 86, 1–18 (2011) 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.043Search in Google Scholar
Le Baillif, M., Oksman, K., “The Effect of Processing on Fiber Dispersion, Fiber Length, and Thermal Degradation of Bleached Sulfite Cellulose Fiber Polypropylene Composites”, J. Thermoplast. Compos., 22, 115–133 (2009) 10.1177/0892705708091608Search in Google Scholar
McCrum, N. G., Buckley, C. P. and Bucknall, C. B.: Principles of Polymer Engineering, Oxford University Press, New York (1997)Search in Google Scholar
Miller, R. B., “Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Wood”, in Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Laboratory, Forest Products (Ed.), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, p. 9–10 (1999)Search in Google Scholar
Mohanty, A. K., Wibowo, A., Misra, M. and Drzal, L. T., “Effect of Process Engineering on the Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Cellulose Acetate Biocomposites”, Composites Part A, 35, 363–370 (2004) 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.015Search in Google Scholar
Oksman, K., Skrifvars, M. and Selin, J. F., “Natural Fibres as Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 63, 1317–1324 (2003) 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00103-9Search in Google Scholar
Pandey, J. K., Ahn, S. H., Lee, C. S., Mohanty, A. K. and Misra, M., “Recent Advances in the Application of Natural Fiber Based Composites”, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 295, 975–989 (2010) 10.1002/mame.201000095Search in Google Scholar
Rebenfeld, L., “Section 2 Fibers”, in Applied Polymer Science: 21st Century, Craver, C. D., CarraherJr., C. E., (Eds.), Elsevier Science, Oxford, p. 257–272 (2000)10.1016/B978-008043417-9/50016-7Search in Google Scholar
Sahin, S., Yayla, P., “Effects of Testing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Random Copolymer”, Polym. Test., 24, 613–619 (2005) 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.03.002Search in Google Scholar
Sears, K. D., Jacobson, R. E. and Caufield, D. F. J. U., US Patent 6,270,883 B1 (2001)Search in Google Scholar
Sears, K. D., Jacobson, R. E. and Caufield, D. F., J., U., US Pub. No 2002/0000683 A1 (2002)Search in Google Scholar
Shalwan, A., Yousif, B. F., “In State of Art: Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres”, Mater. Des., 48, 14–24 (2012) 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014Search in Google Scholar
Sherman, L. M., “Natural Fibres: The New Fashion in Atomotive Plastics”, Plast. Technol. Online, 10, 62–68 (1999)Search in Google Scholar
Stelson, K. A., “Calculating Cooling Times for Polymer Injection Moulding”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 217, 709–713 (2003) 10.1243/095440503322011443Search in Google Scholar
Stokke, D. D., Gardner, D. J., “Fundamental Aspects of Wood as a Component of Thermoplastic Composites”, J. Vinyl Add. Tech., 9, 96–104 (2003) 10.1002/vnl.10069Search in Google Scholar
Strong, A. B.: Plastics: Materials and Processing, 3rd Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2006)Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Chen, S., Su, J., Shi, X., Jin, J., Wang, X. and Xu, Z., “Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Melting Behavior of EAA with Different Acrylic Acid Content”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 97, 959–967 (2009) 10.1007/s10973-009-0014-7Search in Google Scholar
© 2014, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Invited Papers
- Simha-Somcynsky Equation of State Modeling of the PVT Behavior of PP/Clay-Nanocomposite/CO2 Mixtures
- Regular Contributed Articles
- Effect of Pre-Molding Process and Additive of Injection Molded Wood/PP Composites
- Flame Retarded PE with MH/ATH/Microencapsulated Red Phosphorous and its Toughening by Polymeric Compatibilizers
- The Porous Structure and Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded HA/PA66 Scaffolds
- A Gas-Sensor-Based Measurement Setup for Inline Quality and Process Control in Polymer Extrusion
- Extrusion and Characterization of Soy Protein Film Incorporated with Soy Cellulose Microfibers
- Development of Composites of Highly Filled Phenol Formaldehyde Resin – Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Endocarp Particles
- Structural Analysis Examining the Mold Deformation Behavior for the Detection of the Flash in the Injection Mold
- Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions
- Injection Molding of Beverage Container Caps Made of a Composite Consisting of Wood Cellulose Fiber and an Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
- Study on Pumping Conveying Capacity Characteristics of Polymer Solids in Vane Extruder
- Morphology Control and Stabilization in Immiscible Polypropylene and Polyamide 6 Blends with Organoclay
- Optimization of Abrasive Water Jet Turning Parameters for Machining of Low Density Polyethylene Material Based on Experimental Design Method
- PPS News
- PPS News
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Contents
- Invited Papers
- Simha-Somcynsky Equation of State Modeling of the PVT Behavior of PP/Clay-Nanocomposite/CO2 Mixtures
- Regular Contributed Articles
- Effect of Pre-Molding Process and Additive of Injection Molded Wood/PP Composites
- Flame Retarded PE with MH/ATH/Microencapsulated Red Phosphorous and its Toughening by Polymeric Compatibilizers
- The Porous Structure and Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded HA/PA66 Scaffolds
- A Gas-Sensor-Based Measurement Setup for Inline Quality and Process Control in Polymer Extrusion
- Extrusion and Characterization of Soy Protein Film Incorporated with Soy Cellulose Microfibers
- Development of Composites of Highly Filled Phenol Formaldehyde Resin – Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Endocarp Particles
- Structural Analysis Examining the Mold Deformation Behavior for the Detection of the Flash in the Injection Mold
- Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions
- Injection Molding of Beverage Container Caps Made of a Composite Consisting of Wood Cellulose Fiber and an Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
- Study on Pumping Conveying Capacity Characteristics of Polymer Solids in Vane Extruder
- Morphology Control and Stabilization in Immiscible Polypropylene and Polyamide 6 Blends with Organoclay
- Optimization of Abrasive Water Jet Turning Parameters for Machining of Low Density Polyethylene Material Based on Experimental Design Method
- PPS News
- PPS News
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts
- Seikei Kakou Abstracts