A deuterium-palladium electrode as a new sensor in non-aqueous solutions: potentiometric titration of weak acids in acetonitrile and benzonitrile

[1] Aktaş, A. H., Yaşar, G., & Alsancak, G. Ö. (2001). Conductimetric and potentiometric titration of some hydroxylated cinnamic acids with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in nonaqueous media. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 25, 501–508. Search in Google Scholar

[2] Al-Daher, I. M., & Kratochvil, B. (1980). Potentiometric titrations of metal ions in acetonitrile with polyamine ligands. Talanta, 27, 983–988. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(80)80131-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(80)80131-710.1016/0039-9140(80)80131-7Search in Google Scholar

[3] Andrés, M. J., & Romero, C. (1988). Differentiation of the acidic groups of fulvic acids from lignite by potentiometric titration in acetone, acetonitrile and isopropanol. Fuel, 67, 1305–1307. DOI: 10.1016/0016-2361(88)90055-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90055-510.1016/0016-2361(88)90055-5Search in Google Scholar

[4] Antonijević, M. M., Vukanović, B., & Mihajlović, R. (1992). Natural monocrystalline pyrite as electrode material for potentiometric titrations in water. Talanta, 39, 809–814. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(92)80100-R. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(92)80100-R10.1016/0039-9140(92)80100-RSearch in Google Scholar

[5] Barbosa, J., Hernandez-Cassou, S., Sanz-Nebot, V., & Toro, I. (1997). Variation of acidity constants of peptides in acetonitrile-water mixtures with solvent composition: effect of preferential solvation. The Journal of Peptide Research, 50, 14–24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb00615.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb00615.x10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb00615.xSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Barbosa, J., Roses, M., & Sanz-Nebot, V. (1988). Acid-base indicators in acetonitrile: Their pK values and chromatic parameters. Talanta, 35, 1013–1018. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(88)80240-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(88)80240-610.1016/0039-9140(88)80240-6Search in Google Scholar

[7] Barbosa, J., & Sanz-Nebot, V. (1989). Acid-base equilibria and assay of benzodiazepines in acetonitrile medium. Talanta, 36, 837–842. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(89)80164-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(89)80164-X10.1016/0039-9140(89)80164-XSearch in Google Scholar

[8] Barbosa, J., Sanz-Nebot, V., & Torrero, E. (1991). Equilibrium constants and assay of bases in acetonitrile. Talanta, 38, 425–432. DOI:10.1016/0039-9140(91)80081-A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(91)80081-A10.1016/0039-9140(91)80081-ASearch in Google Scholar

[9] Barbosa, J., Sanz-Nebot, V., & Torrero, M. E. (1990). Acid-base equilibria of β-blockers in acetonitrile. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 8, 675–679. DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80101-T. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(90)80101-T10.1016/0731-7085(90)80101-TSearch in Google Scholar

[10] Bartnicka, H., Bojanowska, I., & Kalinowski, M. K. (1991). Solvent effect on the dissociation constants of aliphatic carboxylic acids. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 44, 1077–1084. DOI: 10.1071/CH9911077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH991107710.1071/CH9911077Search in Google Scholar

[11] Bates, R. G. (1973). Determination of pH; theory and practice. New York, NY, USA: Wiley. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Chasemi, J., Ahmadi, S., Kubista, M., & Forootan, A. (2003). Determination of acidity constants of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol in binary acetonitrile + water mixtures. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 48, 1178–1182. DOI: 10.1021/je030116l. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je030116l10.1021/je030116lSearch in Google Scholar

[13] Czerwiński, A., Marassi, R., & Zamponi, S. (1991). The absorption of hydrogen and deuterium in thin palladium electrodes: Part I. Acidic solutions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 316, 211–221. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)87047-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)87047-810.1016/0022-0728(91)87047-8Search in Google Scholar

[14] Ertekin, K., Alp, S., & Yalcın, I. (2004). Determination of pK a values of azlactone dyes in non-aqueous media. Dyes and Pigments, 65, 33–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.06.011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.06.01110.1016/j.dyepig.2004.06.011Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fleischmann, M., & Pons, S. (1989). Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 261, 301–308. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-310.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3Search in Google Scholar

[16] Galster, H. (1990). pH-Messung: Grundlagen, Methoden, Anwendungen, Geräte. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. Search in Google Scholar

[17] Greenhow, E. J., & Al-Mudarris, B. F. (1975). Metal and metalloid indicator electrodes for the non-aqueous potentiometric titration of weak acids: Comparative evaluation of group III, IV and V main-group elements. Talanta, 22, 417–424. DOI:10.1016/0039-9140(75)80089-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(75)80089-010.1016/0039-9140(75)80089-0Search in Google Scholar

[18] Gündüz, T., Gündüz, N., Kılıc, E., Köseoğlu, F., & Öztas, S. G. (1988). Titrations in non-aqueous media. Part X. Potentiometric and conductiometric titrations of amino acids with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in pyridine and acetonitrile solvents. Analyst, 113, 715–719. DOI: 10.1039/AN9881300715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an988130071510.1039/AN9881300715Search in Google Scholar

[19] Gündüz, T., Kiliç, E., Özkan, G., Awaad, M. F., & Tastekin, M. (1990). Conductimetric and potentiometric investigation of effect of acidity on formation of homoconjugates in acetonitrile solvent. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 68, 674–678. DOI: 10.1139/v90-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-10310.1139/v90-103Search in Google Scholar

[20] Harlow, G. A., Noble, C. M., & Wyld, G. E. A. (1956). Potentiometric titration of very weak acids. Titration in ethylenediamine solution using platinum electrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 784–786. DOI: 10.1021/ac60113a002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60113a00210.1021/ac60113a002Search in Google Scholar

[21] Herrador, M. Á., & González, A. G. (2002). Potentiometric titrations in acetonitrile-water mixtures: evaluation of aqueous ionisation constant of ketoprofen. Talanta, 56, 769–775. DOI: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00607-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00607-510.1016/S0039-9140(01)00607-5Search in Google Scholar

[22] Hoare, J. P. (1959). Surface to volume considerations in the palladium-hydrogen-acid system. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 106, 640–643. DOI: 10.1149/1.2427462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.242746210.1149/1.2427462Search in Google Scholar

[23] Hoare, J. P., & Schuldiner, S. (1957). Effects of hydrogen content on the resistance and the potential in the palladium-hydrogen-acid system. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 61, 399–402. DOI: 10.1021/j150550a004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150550a00410.1021/j150550a004Search in Google Scholar

[24] Hojo, M., & Chen, Z., (1999). Appearance of maxima on conductometric titration curves of sulfonic acids and the evidence of strong homoconjugation reactions in benzonitrile. Analytical Sciences, 15, 303–306. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.15.30310.2116/analsci.15.303Search in Google Scholar

[25] Izutsu, K., Nakamura, T., Arai, T., & Ohmaki, M. (1995). Some recent studies on the use of electrochemical sensors in nonaqueous solution chemistry. Electroanalysis, 7, 884–888. DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.114007091610.1002/elan.1140070916Search in Google Scholar

[26] Izutsu, K., & Ohmaki, M. (1996). Acid-base equilibria in γ-butyrolactone studied by use of pH-ISFETs. Talanta, 43, 643–648. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(95)01799-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(95)01799-210.1016/0039-9140(95)01799-2Search in Google Scholar

[27] Izutsu, K., & Yamamoto, H. (1996). Response of an iridium oxide pH-sensor in nonaqueous solutions. Comparison with other pH-sensors. Analytical Sciences, 12, 905–909. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.12.905. 10.2116/analsci.12.905Search in Google Scholar

[28] Karlberg, B., & Johansson, G. (1969). Alkaline errors of glass electrodes in non-aqueous solvents. Talanta, 16, 1545–1551. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(69)80215-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(69)80215-810.1016/0039-9140(69)80215-8Search in Google Scholar

[29] Katz, M., & Glenn, R. A. (1952). Sodium aminoethoxide titration of weak acids in ethylenediamine. Analytical Chemistry, 24, 1157–1163. DOI: 10.1021/ac60067a024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60067a02410.1021/ac60067a024Search in Google Scholar

[30] Kolthoff, I. M., Bruckenstein, S., & Chantooni, M. K., Jr. (1961). Acid-base equilibria in acetonitrile. Spectrophotometric and conductometric determination of the dissociation of various acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 83, 3927–3935. DOI: 10.1021/ja01480a001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01480a00110.1021/ja01480a001Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kolthoff, I. M., & Chantooni, M. K. (1966). Conductometric, potentiometric, and spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constants of substituted benzoic acids in acetonitrile. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 70, 856–866. DOI: 10.1021/j100875a039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100875a03910.1021/j100875a039Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kolthoff, I. M., & Chantooni, M. K. (1965). Calibration of the glass electrode in acetonitrile. Shape of potentiometric titration curves. Dissociation constant of picric acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 87, 4428–4436. DOI: 10.1021/ja00948a004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00948a00410.1021/ja00948a004Search in Google Scholar

[33] Kolthoff, I. M., & Chantooni, M. K., Jr. (1975). Titration in dipolar aprotic solvents of diprotic acids as monoprotic acids. Analytical Chemistry, 47, 1921–1926. DOI: 10.1021/ac60362a001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60362a00110.1021/ac60362a001Search in Google Scholar

[34] Kolthoff, I. M., & Chantooni, M. K., Jr. (1969). Homoconjugation constant of picric acid in acetonitrile. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 73, 4029–4030. DOI: 10.1021/j100845a084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100845a08410.1021/j100845a084Search in Google Scholar

[35] Kolthoff, I. M., Chantooni, M. K., Jr., & Bhowmik, S. (1966). Acid-base properties of mono- and dinitrophenols in acetonitrile. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 88, 5430–5439. DOI: 10.1021/ja00975a011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00975a01110.1021/ja00975a011Search in Google Scholar

[36] Kreshkov, A. P., Bykova, L. N., & Kazaryan, N. A. (1967). Kislotno-osnovnoe titrovanie v nevodnykh rastvorakh. Moscow, USSR: Khimia. Search in Google Scholar

[37] Kurtoğlu, M., Birbiçer, N., Kimyonşen, Ü., & Serin, S. (1999). Determination of pK a values of some azo dyes in acetonitrile with perchloric acid. Dyes and Pigments, 41, 143–147. DOI: 10.1016/S0143-7208(98)00077-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(98)00077-110.1016/S0143-7208(98)00077-1Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kuruoğlu, D., Canel, E., Memon, S., Yilmaz, M., & Kiliç, E. (2003). Hydrogen ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode based on a calix[4]arene. Analytical Sciences, 19, 217–221. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19.21710.2116/analsci.19.217Search in Google Scholar

[39] Lewis, F. A., & Ubbelohde, A. R. (1954). Mechanisms of removal of hydrogen from palladium-hydrogen by oxidation. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1954, 1710–1716. DOI: 10.1039/JR9540001710. 10.1039/JR9540001710Search in Google Scholar

[40] Lintner, C. J., Schleif, R. H., & Higuchi, T. (1950). Electrometric titration of alcohols using lithium aluminium hydride. Analytical Chemistry, 22, 534–538. DOI: 10.1021/ac60040a007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60040a00710.1021/ac60040a007Search in Google Scholar

[41] Mihajlović, L., Nikolić-Mandić, S., Vukanović, B., & Mihajlović, R., (2009). Use of the sulfide mineral pyrite as electrochemical sensor in non-aqueous solutions: Potentiometric titration of weak acids in acetonitrile, propionitrile and benzonitrile. Analytical Sciences, 25, 437–441. DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.25.43710.2116/analsci.25.437Search in Google Scholar

[42] Mihajlović, L. V., Mihajlović, R. P., Antonijević, M. M., & Vukanović, B. V. (2004). Natural monocrystalline pyrite as a sensor in non-aqueous solution: Part I: Potentiometric titration of weak acids in N,N-dimethylformamide, methylpyrrolidone and pyridine. Talanta, 64, 879–886. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.06110.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.061Search in Google Scholar

[43] Mihajlović, R. P., Jakšić, L. N., & Vajgand, V. V. (1992). Coulometric titrations of bases in propylene carbonate using hydrogen—palladium and deuterium—palladium generator electrodes. Talanta, 39, 1587–1590. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(92)80188-J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(92)80188-J10.1016/0039-9140(92)80188-JSearch in Google Scholar

[44] Mihajlović, R. P., & Stanić Z. D. (2005). Natural monocrystalline chalcopyrite and galena as electrochemical sensors in non-aqueous solvents. Part I: potentiometric titrations of weak acids in γ-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 9, 558–565. DOI: 10.1007/s10008-004-0591-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-004-0591-010.1007/s10008-004-0591-0Search in Google Scholar

[45] Mihajlović, R. P., Vajgand, V. J., & Džudović, R. M. (1991). The application of deuterium-palladium electrodes in the coulometric-potentiometric determination of bases in ketone media. Talanta, 38, 673–675. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(91)80155-S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(91)80155-S10.1016/0039-9140(91)80155-SSearch in Google Scholar

[46] Oyama, N., Hirokawa, T., Yamaguchi, S., Ushizawa, N., & Shimomura, T. (1987). Hydrogen ion selective microelectrode prepared by modifying an electrode with polymers. Analytical Chemistry, 59, 258–262. DOI: 10.1021/ac00129a009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00129a00910.1021/ac00129a009Search in Google Scholar

[47] Pissinis, D., Sereno, L. E., & Marioli, J. M. (2005). Multiwavelength spectrophotometric determination of propofol acidity constant in different acetonitrile-water mixtures. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 16, 1054–1060. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-50532005000600024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-5053200500060002410.1590/S0103-50532005000600024Search in Google Scholar

[48] Sanz-Nebot, V., Valls, I., Barbero, D., & Barbosa, J. (1997). Acid-base behavior of quinolones in aqueous acetonitrile mixtures. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 51, 896–903. DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.51-0896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.51-089610.3891/acta.chem.scand.51-0896Search in Google Scholar

[49] Shirvington, P. J. (1967). The hydrolysis of some acidic metal cations in acetonitrile containing traces of water. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 20, 447–453. DOI: 10.1071/CH9670447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH967044710.1071/CH9670447Search in Google Scholar

[50] Vajgand, V. J., Mihajlović, R. P., Džudović, R. M., & Jakšić, L. N. (1987). Coulometric titration of salts of strong mineral acids in acetic anhydride by application of a hydrogen/palladium electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta, 202, 231–236. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85919-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85919-X10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85919-XSearch in Google Scholar

[51] Verma, B. C., & Sood, R. K. (1979). Determination of mercaptopyrimidines with copper(II) in acetonitrile. Talanta, 26, 906–907. DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(79)80278-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(79)80278-710.1016/0039-9140(79)80278-7Search in Google Scholar