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The nature of Zn-phyllosilicates in the nonsulfide Mina Grande and Cristal zinc deposits (Bongará District, Northern Peru): The TEM-HRTEM and AEM perspective

  • Giuseppina Balassone EMAIL logo , Valentina Scognamiglio , Fernando Nieto , Nicola Mondillo , Maria Boni , Piergiulio Cappelletti and Giuseppe Arfè
Published/Copyright: August 11, 2020
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 105 Issue 8

Abstract

Zn-phyllosilicates are common minerals in nonsulfide Zn deposits and can give crucial information about the genesis of these oxidized mineralizations. They seldom represent the prevailing economic species but might have a significant impact on mineral processing. This study has been carried out on the Mina Grande and Cristal Zn-sulfide/nonsulfide deposits, which occur in the Bongará district (Amazonas region, northern Peru). The Cristal and Mina Grande orebodies are hosted by the sedimentary (prevailingly carbonate) successions of the Pucará Group (Condorsinga formation, Lower Jurassic), in an area affected by Neogene tectonics and characterized by Late Miocene and Pliocene-Early Pleistocene uplift phases (Andean and Quechua tectonic pulses). The Cristal deposit consists of both sulfide (sphalerite with minor pyrite and galena) and nonsulfide concentrations. The nonsulfides consists of smithsonite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite, chalcophanite, goethite, and greenockite, locally associated with Zn-bearing phyllosilicates. The Mina Grande deposit consists almost exclusively of Zn-oxidized minerals in limestone host rocks. The nonsulfides association consists of hydrozincite, hemimorphite, smithsonite, fraipontite, and Fe-(hydr)oxides, also containing a clayey fraction. The study deals with TEM-HRTEM and AEM investigations on clayey materials, to determine their crystal-chemical features and the origin of the complex Zn-clays-bearing parageneses. In both deposits, Zn-bearing illites (1Md and 2M polytypes) and I/S clay minerals (I3) are the main detected phases, with few compositions close to (Zn-bearing) muscovite. In the clayey fraction at Mina Grande, fraipontite, a Zn-bearing mica called K-deficient hendricksite, and (Zn-bearing) kaolinite also occur. Zn-illites and smectites (always containing Zn in variable amounts) characterize the mineral association at Cristal. The investigated compositional gap between di- and tri-octahedral Zn-phyllosilicates gives indications on the genetic relationships between them and advances on the knowledge of these species. The present work gives an insight into the Zn-bearing phyllosilicates systems by determining the amount/mode of metal incorporation in their lattices and understanding the relationships of natural occurring clay-rich complex associations, which can act as models for possible synthetic counterparts.

Keywords: Zn-phyllosilicates; Bongará; Cristal; Mina Grande; Peru; TEM-HRTEM; AEM

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to M.M. Abad-Ortega and C. de la Prada Sánchez (CIC, Granada) for the skillful support during TEM analyses, and to R. de Gennaro (DiSTAR, Napoli) for his invaluable help during SEM analyses. The authors thank two anonymous Referees, who provided constructive reviews that greatly improved the manuscript, and the Associate Editor Andrew E. Madden for handling the manuscript.

  1. Funding

    This work was partly supported by Departmental funds 2017 (University of Napoli Federico II) granted to G. Balassone and by the research projects CGL2016-75679-P from the Spanish Government and the Research Group RNM-179 of the Junta de Andalucìa.

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Received: 2019-05-31
Accepted: 2020-01-22
Published Online: 2020-08-11
Published in Print: 2020-08-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7140
Keywords for this article
Zn-phyllosilicates; Bongará; Cristal; Mina Grande; Peru; TEM-HRTEM; AEM

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Outlooks in Earth and Planetary Materials
  2. Are quasicrystals really so rare in the Universe?
  3. Reaction between Cu-bearing minerals and hydrothermal fluids at 800 °C and 200 MPa: Constraints from synthetic fluid inclusions
  4. Evaluation and application of the quartz-inclusions-in-epidote mineral barometer
  5. Let there be water: How hydration/dehydration reactions accompany key Earth and life processes
  6. Origin of corundum within anorthite megacrysts from anorthositic amphibolites,Granulite Terrane, Southern India
  7. Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Tunnel structures
  8. Experimental constraints on the partial melting of sediment-metasomatized lithospheric mantle in subduction zones
  9. Interlayer energy of pyrophyllite: Implications for macroscopic friction
  10. Thermodynamic and thermoelastic properties of wurtzite-ZnS by density functional theory
  11. The nature of Zn-phyllosilicates in the nonsulfide Mina Grande and Cristal zinc deposits (Bongará District, Northern Peru): The TEM-HRTEM and AEM perspective
  12. Orthovanadate wakefieldite-(Ce) in symplectites replacing vanadium-bearing omphacite in the ultra-oxidized manganese deposit of Praborna (Aosta Valley, Western Italian Alps)
  13. A simple and effective capsule sealing technique for hydrothermal experiments
  14. Metamorphic amphiboles in the Ironwood Iron-Formation, Gogebic Iron Range, Wisconsin: Implications for potential resource development
  15. Letter
  16. The chlorine-isotopic composition of lunar KREEP from magnesian-suite troctolite 76535
  17. New Mineral Names
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