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Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell

  • Yongchao Liu , Jiankang Li EMAIL logo and I-Ming Chou
Published/Copyright: April 29, 2020
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 105 Issue 5

Abstract

Ore-forming fluids enriched in alkali carbonate are commonly observed in natural melt and fluid inclusions associated with tin mineralization, particularly in granitic pegmatite. However, the roles of alkali carbonates remain unclear. Hence, to investigate the roles of alkali carbonate, herein, cassiterite (SnO2) crystallization experiments in SnO2–Li2CO3–H2O and SnO2–Na2CO3–H2O systems were conducted using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell. The results showed that SnO2 could dissolve into the alkali carbonate aqueous solution during heating, and long prismatic cassiterite crystals grew during the subsequent cooling stage at average rates of 0.61 × 10–6 to 8.22 × 10–6 cm/s in length and 3.40–19.07 μm3/s in volume. The mole fraction of cassiterite crystallized from the SnO2–Li2CO3–H2O system ranges from 0.03 to 0.41 mol%, which depends on the Li2CO3 content dissolved in the aqueous solution. In situ Raman analysis of the alkali carbonate-rich aqueous solution in the sample chamber suggests that the dissolution of SnO2 can be attributed to the alkaline conditions produced by hydrolysis of alkali carbonate in which Sn(OH)62−may be a potential tin-transporting species. The cassiterite crystallization conditions obtained in our SnO2–alkali carbonate–H2O systems primarily fell within the 400–850 °C and 300–850 MPa temperature and pressure ranges, respectively; furthermore, cassiterite crystallization ended in rare metal pegmatite-forming conditions. These crystallization features of cassiterite are similar to those formed in tin-mineralized granitic pegmatites. It indicates that an alkali carbonate-rich aqueous solution or hydrous melt can work as a favorable transport medium for tin and provides the necessary conditions for cassiterite crystallization in granitic pegmatite, bearing the roles in decreasing the viscosity of hydrous melts and enhancing the solubility of SnO2 in ore-forming melts or fluids. These roles of alkali carbonate can also be extended for the mineralization of other rare metals (e.g., Li and Be) in granitic pegmatite.

Keywords: Cassiterite; alkali carbonate; pegmatite; crystallization; hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell

  1. Funding

    We thank editor Oliver Tschauner and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful suggestions. This study was supported by the National Key R&D program of China (2019YFC0605200, 2016YFC0600208), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41872096), the Chinese National Non-profit Institute Research Grant of CAGS-IMR (JYYWF201814), and the Key Frontier Science Program (QYZDY-SSW-DQC008) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Received: 2019-05-16
Accepted: 2019-12-22
Published Online: 2020-04-29
Published in Print: 2020-05-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7118
Keywords for this article
Cassiterite; alkali carbonate; pegmatite; crystallization; hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Texture constraints on crystal size distribution methodology: An application to the Laki fissure eruption
  2. Hydrogenation reactions of carbon on Earth: Linking methane, margarine, and life
  3. Abiotic and biotic processes that drive carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
  4. In-situ measurements of magmatic volatile elements, F, S, and Cl, by electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
  5. MSA Centennial Symposium
  6. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part I: Stellar mineralogy (>13 to 4.6 Ga)
  7. A structural study of size-dependent lattice variation: In situ X-ray diffraction of the growth of goethite nanoparticles from 2-line ferrihydrite
  8. Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell
  9. New insights into the nature of glauconite
  10. Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals with different swelling properties
  11. The quintet completed: The partitioning of sulfur between nominally volatile-free minerals and silicate melts
  12. 222Rn and 220Rn emanations from powdered samples of samarskite as a function of annealing temperature
  13. Polymerization during melting of ortho- and meta-silicates: Effects on Q species stability, heats of fusion, and redox state of mid-ocean range basalts (MORBs)
  14. Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany
  15. Lingbaoite, AgTe3, a new silver telluride from the Xiaoqinling gold district, central China
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  18. Acceptance of the 2018 MSA Award of the Mineralogical Society of America
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