Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan: an update on epidemiological trends
-
Muhammad Waqar
,
Muhammad Idrees
Abstract
The emergence of the pandemic in 2020 is a huge threat to global public health. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China in December 2019 and later spread to almost all parts of the world in four months and declared as a pandemic in March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 has infected 15.8 million people worldwide while 641,000 died of it. This study aims to report the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan. Of total of 635 samples of symptomatic individuals processed at Genome Center for Molecular Based Diagnostics and Research Pakistan, 313 (49.3%) were found SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. The study also confirmed more seroprevalence in elderly patients (>80 years) and children less than 13 years.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Gao, GF. From “A” IV to “Z” IKV: attacks from emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Cell 2018;172:1157–9.10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.025Search in Google Scholar
2. Candido, DS, Claro, IM, de Jesus, JG, Souza, WM, Moreira, FR, Dellicour, S, et al.. Evolution and epidemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. Science 2020;369:1255–60.10.1126/science.abd2161Search in Google Scholar
3. Cui, J, Li, F, Shi, Z-L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019;17:181–92.10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9Search in Google Scholar
4. Drosten, C, Günther, S, Preiser, W, Van Der Werf, S, Brodt, HR, Becker, S, et al.. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1967–76.10.1056/NEJMoa030747Search in Google Scholar
5. Fadini, G, Morieri, M, Longato, E, Avogaro, DA. Prevalence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Endocrinol Invest 2020;43:867–9.10.1007/s40618-020-01236-2Search in Google Scholar
6. Huang, C, Wang, Y, Li, X, Ren, L, Zhao, J, Hu, Y, et al.. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497–506.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Search in Google Scholar
7. Schmaljohn, C, Nichol, S. Bunyaviridae. In: Knipe, DM, Howley, PM, editors. Fields virology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2007.Search in Google Scholar
8. Weiss, SR, Leibowitz, JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis Advances in virus research, Vol 81. Elsevier; 2011:85–164 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
9. Su, S, Wong, G, Shi, W, Liu, J, Lai, AC, Zhou, J, et al.. Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2016;24:490–502.10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Ksiazek, TG, Erdman, D, Goldsmith, CS, Zaki, SR, Peret, T, Emery, S, et al.. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1953–66.10.1056/NEJMoa030781Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Zaki, AM, Van Boheemen, S, Bestebroer, TM, Osterhaus, AD, Fouchier, RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1814–20.10.1056/NEJMoa1211721Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Zhong, N, Zheng, B, Li, Y, Poon, LL, Xie, ZH, Chan, KH, et al.. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet 2003;362:1353–8.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14630-2Search in Google Scholar
13. Zhou, P, Yang, X-L, Wang, X-G, Hu, B, Zhang, L, Zhang, W, et al.. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. Nature 2020;579:270–3.10.1101/2020.01.22.914952Search in Google Scholar
14. Raza, H, Wahid, B, Rubi, G, Gulzar, A. Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a real-world clinical experience. Infect Genet Evol 2020;84:104374.10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104374Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
15. Lu, J, du Plessis, L, Liu, Z, Hill, V, Kang, M, Lin, H, et al.. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong Province, China. Cell 2020;181:997–1003.10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.023Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Hosoki, K, Chakraborty, A, Sur, S. Molecular mechanisms and epidemiology of COVID-19 from an allergist’s perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:285–99.10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.033Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Simonnet, A, Chetboun, M, Poissy, J, Raverdy, V, Noulette, J, Duhamel, A, et al.. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020;28:1195–9.10.1002/oby.22831Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
18. Yang, J, Zheng, Y, Gou, X, Pu, K, Chen, Z, Guo, Q, et al.. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020;94:91–5.10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Lai, C-C, Liu, YH, Wang, C-Y, Wang, YH, Hsueh, SC, Yen, MY, et al.. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2): facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;53:404–12.10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
20. Machhi, J, Herskovitz, J, Senan, AM, Dutta, D, Nath, B, Oleynikov, MD, et al.. The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020:1–28.10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. He, J, Gong, L, Li, W, et al.. Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 clusters caused by asymptomatic cases in Anhui Province, China; 2020.Search in Google Scholar
22. Lai, C-C, Shih, T-P, Ko, W-C, Tang, HJ, Hsueh, PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105924.10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Otto, WR, Geoghegan, S, Posch, LC, Bell, LM, Coffin, SE, Sammons, JS, et al.. The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a pediatric healthcare network in the United States. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2020.10.1093/jpids/piaa074Search in Google Scholar
24. Ramírez, JD, Florez, C, Muñoz, M, Hernández, C, Castillo, A, Gomez, S, et al.. The arrival and spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Colombia. J Med Virol 2021;93:1158–63.10.1002/jmv.26393Search in Google Scholar
25. Resende, PC, Gräf, T, Paixão, ACD, Appolinario, L, Lopes, RS, Mendonça, AC, et al.. A potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest (VOI) harboring mutation E484K in the Spike protein was identified within lineage B. 1.1. 33 circulating in Brazil. Viruses 2021;13:724.10.3390/v13050724Search in Google Scholar
26. Faria, NR, Mellan, TA, Whittaker, C, Claro, IM, Candido, DD, Mishra, S, et al.. Genomics and epidemiology of the P. 1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Science 2021.10.1126/science.abh2644Search in Google Scholar
27. Franco, D, Gonzalez, C, Abrego, LE, Carrera, JP, Diaz, Y, Caicedo, Y, et al.. Early transmission dynamics, spread, and genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Panama. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27:612.10.3201/eid2702.203767Search in Google Scholar
28. Wise, J. Covid-19: new coronavirus variant is identified in UK. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020, 371:4857 p.10.1136/bmj.m4857Search in Google Scholar
29. Anand, S, Montez-Rath, M, Han, J, Bozeman, J, Kerschmann, R, Beyer, P, et al.. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large nationwide sample of patients on dialysis in the USA: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2020;396:1335–44.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32009-2Search in Google Scholar
30. Zeroual, A, Harrou, F, Dairi, A, Sun, Y. Deep learning methods for forecasting COVID-19 time-series data: a comparative study. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2020:110121.10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110121Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- A review on chemistry, source and therapeutic potential of lambertianic acid
- Research Articles
- Neuroprotective constituents of Actaea acuminata (Wall. ex Royle) H. Hara roots
- Receptor-mediated biological effects of extracts obtained from three Asplenium species
- Evaluation of biological activities of Barbarea integrifolia and isolation of a new glucosinolate derivated compound
- Comparative spasmolytic effect between Cinnamomum tamala and Cinnamomum verum leaf essential oils and eugenol through in vitro and in silico approaches
- Simple mathematical models for controlling COVID-19 transmission through social distancing and community awareness
- Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. petals with antiausterity activities against the HeLa human cervical cancer cell line
- Cardioprotective effects of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil and it enhances autoimmunity in porcine cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis in the rat model
- New indane derivatives containing 2-hydrazinothiazole as potential acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors
- Rapid communication
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan: an update on epidemiological trends
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- A review on chemistry, source and therapeutic potential of lambertianic acid
- Research Articles
- Neuroprotective constituents of Actaea acuminata (Wall. ex Royle) H. Hara roots
- Receptor-mediated biological effects of extracts obtained from three Asplenium species
- Evaluation of biological activities of Barbarea integrifolia and isolation of a new glucosinolate derivated compound
- Comparative spasmolytic effect between Cinnamomum tamala and Cinnamomum verum leaf essential oils and eugenol through in vitro and in silico approaches
- Simple mathematical models for controlling COVID-19 transmission through social distancing and community awareness
- Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. petals with antiausterity activities against the HeLa human cervical cancer cell line
- Cardioprotective effects of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil and it enhances autoimmunity in porcine cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis in the rat model
- New indane derivatives containing 2-hydrazinothiazole as potential acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors
- Rapid communication
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan: an update on epidemiological trends
