Online hate speech in Belarus: Highlighting the topical issues

Literature

Arcila-Calderón, Carlos, David Blanco-Herrero, Maximiliano Frías-Vázquez & Francisco Seoane-Pérez. 2021. Refugees Welcome? Online Hate Speech and Sentiments in Twitter in Spain during the Reception of the Boat Aquarius. In Sustainability 13 (5). 1–16. 10.3390/su13052728Search in Google Scholar

Assimakopoulos, Stavros, Fabienne H. Baider & Sharon Millar. 2017. Online hate speech in the European Union: a discourse-analytic perspective (SpringerBriefs in Linguistics). Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-72604-5Search in Google Scholar

Ayo, Femi Emmanuel, Olusegun Folorunso, Friday Thomas Ibharalu & Idowu Ademola Osinuga. 2020. Machine learning techniques for hate speech classification of twitter data: State-of-the-art, future challenges and research directions. In Computer Science Review 38. 1–34.10.1016/j.cosrev.2020.100311Search in Google Scholar

Belyakova, Ekaterina A. 2007. Konstruirovanie etnicheskoi identichnosti v sovremennoi Rossii [The construction of ethnic identity in modern Russia]. Saratov: Saratovskii gosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskii universitet dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Boromisza‑Habashi, David. 2013. Speaking hatefully: Culture, communication, and political action in Hungary. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Alexander. 2018. What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? In Ethnicities 18 (3). 297–326. 10.1177/1468796817709846Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Alexander. 2017. What is hate speech? Part 1: The myth of hate. In Law and Philosophy 36 (4). 419–468.10.1007/s10982-017-9297-1Search in Google Scholar

Carnevale, Peter J. 2011. Creativity in the outcomes of conflict. In The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and Practice, 414–435. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Search in Google Scholar

Choi, Shinwoo. 2021. “People look at me like I AM the virus”: Fear, stigma, and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Qualitative Social Work 20 (1–2). 233–239.10.1177/1473325020973333Search in Google Scholar

Delgado, Richard & Jean Stefancic. 2004. Understanding words that wound. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Denisova, Alla V. 2011. Pravovye osnovy lingvisticheskoi ekspertizy “iazyka vrazhdy” [Legal bases of linguistic expertise of hate speech]. In Yurislingvistika 1. 221–227.Search in Google Scholar

Derbin, Aleksei (ed.). 2018. Respublika Belarus’ v zerkale sotsiologii [The Republic of Belarus in the mirror of sociology]. Minsk: Informatsionno-analiticheskiy tsentr pri Administratsii Prezidenta Respubliki Belarus’.Search in Google Scholar

Dias Oliva, Thiago, Dennys Marcelo Antonialli & Alessandra Gomes. 2021. Fighting Hate Speech, Silencing Drag Queens? Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation and Risks to LGBTQ Voices Online. In Sexuality & Culture 25. 700–732.10.1007/s12119-020-09790-wSearch in Google Scholar

Dordevic, Jasmina P. 2020. The sociocognitive dimension of hate speech in readers’ comments on Serbian news websites. In Discourse, Context & Media 33. 1–9.10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100366Search in Google Scholar

Dworkin, Ronald. 2011. Foreword. Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. v-ix.Search in Google Scholar

Dzyaloshinskiy, Iosif M. 2007. Obrazy vrazhdy v rossiiskikh SMI: sotsial’nye, kul’turnye, professional’nye faktory [Images of enmity in the Russian media: social, cultural, professional factors]. In Iosif M. Dzyaloshinskiy & Marina I. Dzyaloshinskaya, Rossiiskie SMI: kak sozdaetsia obraz vraga. Stat’i raznykh let, 66–88. Moskva: Moskovskoe biuro po pravam cheloveka, Academia.Search in Google Scholar

ECRI Annual Report: covering the period from 1 January to 31 December 2018. Strasburg, 2019. https://rm.coe.int/annual-report-2018/168094d6fe (accessed 21 December 2020).Search in Google Scholar

ECRI General Policy Recommendation No. 15 “On Combating Hate Speech”: adopted on December 8, 2015. Strasburg, 2016. https://rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-recommendation-no-15-on-combating-hate-speech/16808b5b01 (accessed 21 December 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Evstaf’eva, Anna V. 2009. «Iazyk vrazhdy» v sredstvakh massovoi informatsii: lingvisticheskie i ekstralingvisticheskie faktory funktsionirovaniia [Hate speech in the media: linguistic and extralinguistic factors of functioning]. Tambov: Tol’iattinskii gosudarstvennyi universitet dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Fino, Audrey. 2020. Defining Hate Speech: A Seemingly Elusive Task. In Journal of International Criminal Justice 18 (1). 31–57.10.1093/jicj/mqaa023Search in Google Scholar

Fortuna, Paula, Juan Soler-Company & Leo Wanner. 2021. How well do hate speech, toxicity, abusive and offensive language classification models generalize across datasets? In Information Processing & Management 58 (3). 1–17.10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102524Search in Google Scholar

Gelber, Katharine. 2019. Terrorist-Extremist Speech and Hate Speech: Understanding the Similarities and Differences. In Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 22. 607–622.10.1007/s10677-019-10013-xSearch in Google Scholar

Gelber, Katharine. 2002. Speaking back: the free speech versus hate speech debate (= Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture 1). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/dapsac.1Search in Google Scholar

Georgalidou, Marianthi, Katerina T. Frantzi & Giorgos Giakoumakis. 2020. Aggression in media-sharing websites in the context of Greek political/parliamentary discourse in the years of the economic crisis. In Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 8 (2). 321–350. 10.1075/jlac.00039.geoSearch in Google Scholar

Gould, Jon B. 2005. Speak no evil: the triumph of hate speech regulation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226305134.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Gover, Angela R., Shannon B. Harper & Lynn Langton. 2020. Anti-Asian Hate Crime During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Reproduction of Inequality. In American Journal of Criminal Justice 45 (4). 647–667.10.1007/s12103-020-09545-1Search in Google Scholar

Graham, Roderick. 2020. Race, social media, and deviance. In Thomas J. Holt & Adam M. Bossler (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, 67–90. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_10Search in Google Scholar

Haiman, Franklyn S. 1993. “Speech acts” and the First Amendment. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hare, Ivan & James Weinstein (eds.). 2011. Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, Annie. 2020. Free speech v. free blacks: Racist policing and calls to harm.In First Amendment Studies 54 (2). 190–196. 10.1080/21689725.2020.1837655Search in Google Scholar

Initsiativnaya gruppa «Zhurnalisty za tolerantnost’» [Initiative group “Journalists for Tolerance”]. URL: https://j4t.by (accessed 20 February 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Janssen, Esther H. 2015. Faith in public debate: on freedom of expression, hate speech and religion in France and the Netherlands. Cambridge: Intersentia.Search in Google Scholar

Khromenkov, Pavel N. 2016. Lingvopragmatika konflikta: issledovanie metodom kolichestvennogo kontent-analiza [Linguopragmatics of conflict: a study using quantitative content analysis]. Moskva: Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi oblastnoi universitet dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Kirdun, Alla A. & Alesia V. Andreeva. 2017. Yazyk vrazhdy v sovremennoy massovoy kommunikatsii Belarusi [Hate Speech in the Mass Communication of Belarus]. In Vestnik Minskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. Seriya 1, Filologiya 6 (91). 100–110.Search in Google Scholar

Kolosov, Sergei A. 2004. Konstruirovanie sotsial’noi nenavisti v diskurse [Construction of social hatred in discourse]. Tver: Tverskoi gosudarstvennyi universitet dissertation. Search in Google Scholar

Kuße, Holger. 2019. Aggression und Argumentation. Mit Beispielen aus dem russisch-ukrainischen Konflikt. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.10.1007/978-3-476-04543-0_3Search in Google Scholar

Lakoff, Robin T. 2000. The language war. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520928077Search in Google Scholar

Mal’kova, Vera K. 2006. Etnichnost’ i tolerantnost’ v sredstvakh massovoi informatsii: opyt issledovaniia sovremennoi rossiiskoi pressy [Ethnicity and tolerance in the media: the experience of studying the contemporary Russian press]. Moskva: Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Mason-Bish, Hannah & Marian Duggan. 2020. ‘Some men deeply hate women, and express that hatred freely’: Examining victims’ experiences and perceptions of gendered hate crime. In International Review of Victimology 26 (1). 112–134. 10.1177/0269758019872903Search in Google Scholar

Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna & Johan Farkas. 2021. Racism, Hate Speech, and Social Media: A Systematic Review and Critique. In Television & New Media 22 (2). 205–224.10.1177/1527476420982230Search in Google Scholar

Mazid, Bahaa-Eddin M. 2012. HateSpeak in contemporary Arabic discourse. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Nikulichev, Yuriy V. 2007. Istoricheskie paradigmy russkoi kul'tury: metodologicheskii analiz. [Historical paradigms of Russian culture: Methodological analysis]. Moskva: Rossiiskaia akademiia gosudarstvennoi sluzhby pri Prezidente Rossiiskoi Federatsii dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Ortiz, Stephanie M. 2019. “You can say I got desensitized to it”: How men of color cope with everyday racism in online gaming.In Sociological Perspectives 62 (4). 572–588.10.1177/0731121419837588Search in Google Scholar

Paasch-Colberg, Sünje, Christian Strippel, Joachim Trebbe & Martin Emmer. 2021. From Insult to Hate Speech: Mapping Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration. In Media and Communication 9 (1). 171–180.10.17645/mac.v9i1.3399Search in Google Scholar

Paz, María Antonia, Julio Montero-Díaz & Alicia Moreno-Delgado. 2020. Hate Speech: A Systematized Review. In SAGE Open. 10. 1–12.10.1177/2158244020973022Search in Google Scholar

Pejchal, Viera. 2018. Hate speech regulation in post-communist countries: Migrant crises in the Czech and Slovak republics. In International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7 (2). 58–74. 10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i2.500Search in Google Scholar

Perry, Barbara, Davut Akca, Fatih Karakus & Mehmet Fatih Bastug. 2020. Planting hate speech to harvest hatred: How does political hate speech fuel hate crimes in Turkey? In International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9 (4). 195–211. 10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i4.1514Search in Google Scholar

Ramdev, Rina, Sandhya D. Nambiar & Debaditya Bhattacharya (eds.). 2016. Sentiment, politics, censorship: the state of hurt. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India.Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, Kevin W. 2011. Degradation: What the history of obscenity tells us about hate speech. New York: New York University Press.10.18574/nyu/9780814741443.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Scandurra, Cristiano, Simona Picariello, Paolo Valerio & Anna Lisa Amodeo. 2017. Sexism, homophobia and transphobia in a sample of Italian pre-service teachers: the role of socio-demographic features. In Journal of Education for Teaching 43 (2). 245–261.10.1080/02607476.2017.1286794Search in Google Scholar

Scharlaj, Marina (ed.). 2020. Language and power in discourses of conflict. Berlin: Peter Lang.10.3726/b16841Search in Google Scholar

Shur, Anna M. 2010. Formirovanie tolerantnogo kommunikativnogo povedeniia u budushchikh zhurnalistov [Formation of tolerant communicative behavior among future journalists]. Saratov: Saratovskii gosudarstvennyi universitet dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Stollznow, Karen. 2020. On the Offensive. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108866637Search in Google Scholar

Suslova, Maria N. 2012. Vliianie politicheskikh uslovii na dinamiku ksenofobii v Rossii i SShA [The influence of political conditions on the dynamics of xenophobia in Russia and the USA]. Moskva: Natsional’nyi issledovatel’skii universitet “Vysshaia shkola ekonomiki” dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Trajkova, Zorica & Silvana Neshkovska. 2018. Online hate propaganda during election period: The case of macedonia. In Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14 (2), 309–334. 10.1515/lpp-2018-0015Search in Google Scholar

Vasilenko, Ekaterina N. 2020 a. Lingvisticheskii aspekt pravovogo statusa «iazyka vrazhdy» [Linguistic aspect of the legal status of hate speech]. In Vestnik Polotskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriia A, Gumanitarnye nauki 2. 71–76.Search in Google Scholar

Vasilenko, Ekaterina. 2020 b. Sexist hate speech: Topical organization of intolerant discourse. In Językoznawstwo 14. 47–60.10.25312/2391-5137.14/2020_03evSearch in Google Scholar

Vasilenko, Ekaterina. 2019. Gender-biased hate speech functioning in media: factor-production specifics (a Belarusian case study). In Irina Oukhvanova & Joanna Senderska (eds.), Types of discourses via applied research (Discourse linguistics and beyond 5), 119–133. Kielce: Jan Kochanowski University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Verkhovskiy, Aleksandr (ed.). 2007. Iazyk vrazhdy protiv obshchestva [Hate Speech against Society]. Moskva: Sova. Search in Google Scholar

Verkhovskiy, Aleksandr (ed.). 2002. Iazyk moi... Problema etnicheskoi i religioznoi neterpimosti v rossiiskikh SMI [My Language... The Problem of Ethnic and Religious Intolerance in the Russian Media]. Moskva: Panorama.Search in Google Scholar

Waldron, Jeremy. 2012. The harm in hate speech. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674065086Search in Google Scholar

Wu, Cary, Yue Qian & Rima Wilkes. 2021. Anti-Asian Discrimination and the Asian-White Mental Health Gap During COVID-19. In Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (5). 819–835.10.1080/01419870.2020.1851739Search in Google Scholar