Serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in pancreatic cancer patients
-
Magdalena Groblewska
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract and one of the most lethal human cancers. It has been shown that endogenous cytokines, produced aberrantly in many malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, may act as autocrine growth factors or as indicators of the immune response to tumors. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) are hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), i.e., cytokines that induce proliferation of hematopoietic and cancer cells.
Methods: Serum levels of G-CSF, M-CSF, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) were determined using immunoenzymatic assays in 62 patients with pancreatic cancer before and 30 days after surgery, and in 65 healthy controls.
Results: Cancer patients had significantly higher levels of all parameters measured compared to healthy subjects, especially in non-resectable tumors. Higher values of diagnostic parameters [specificity, sensitivity and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve] were observed for M-CSF than G-CSF, and for combined use of M-CSF with CA 19-9. Based on Cox analysis, elevated preoperative serum M-CSF was a significant prognostic factor for patient survival, although not independent of tumor stage.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest the usefulness of M-CSF as a tumor marker for pancreatic cancer, especially in combination with CA 19-9.
Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:30–4.
References
1. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin2003;53:5–26.10.3322/canjclin.53.1.5Search in Google Scholar
2. Bardeesy N, DePinho RA. Pancreatic cancer biology and genetic. Cancer2002;2:897–909.10.1038/nrc949Search in Google Scholar
3. Tobita K, Kijima H, Dowaki S, Kashiwagi H, Ohtani Y, Olda Y, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human pancreatic cancer: significance for liver metastasis, Int J Mol Med2003;11:305–9.10.3892/ijmm.11.3.305Search in Google Scholar
4. McDermott RS, Deneux L, Mosseri V, Vedrenne J, Clough K, Fourquet A, et al. Circulating macrophage colony stimulating factor as a marker of tumor progression. Eur Cytokine Netw2002;13:121–7.Search in Google Scholar
5. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet2001;357:539–45.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0Search in Google Scholar
6. Dunlop RJ, Campbell CW. Cytokines and advanced cancer. J Pain Sympt Manage2000;20:214–32.10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00199-8Search in Google Scholar
7. Uematsu T, Tsuchie K, Ukai K, Kimoto E, Funakawa T, Mizuno R. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor produced by pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Pancr1996;9:135–9.10.1007/BF02805227Search in Google Scholar
8. Esposito I, Kleeff J, Bischoff SC, Fischer L, Collecchi P, Iorio M, et al. The stem cell factor-c-kit system and mast cells in human pancreatic cancer. Lab Invest2002;82:1481–92.10.1097/01.LAB.0000036875.21209.F9Search in Google Scholar
9. Ku CY, Liu MY, Wu MC. Stimulation of macrophage colony stimulating factor synthesis by interleukin-1. Arch Biochem Biophys1992;295:42–8.10.1016/0003-9861(92)90485-FSearch in Google Scholar
10. Pei XH, Nakanishi Y, Takayama K, Bai F, Hara N. Granulocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, and macrophage colony-stimulating factors can stimulate the invasive capacity of human lung cancer cells. Br J Cancer1999;79:40–6.10.1038/sj.bjc.6690009Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Rosch T. The new TNM classification in gastroenterology (1997). Endoscopy1998;30:643–9.Search in Google Scholar
12. Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M, Wereszczyńska-Siemiątkowska U, Jurkowska G. Hematopoietic cytokines in the sera of patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med2005;43:146–50.10.1515/CCLM.2005.024Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Fischer LD, Belle G. Biostatistics. A methodology for the health sciences. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
14. Lahm H, Amstad P, Yilmaz A, Borbenyi Z, Wyniger J, Fischer JR, et al. Interleukin 4 down-regulates expression of c-kit and autocrine stem cell factor in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differ1995;6:1111–8.Search in Google Scholar
15. Lahm H, Wyniger J, Hertig S, Yilmaz A, Fischer JR, Givel JC, et al. Secretion of bioactive granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res1994;54:3700–2.Search in Google Scholar
16. Calatayud S, Warner TD, Breese EJ, Mitchell JA. Modulation by colony stimulating factors of human epithelial colon cancer cell apoptosis. Cytokine2002;20:163–7.10.1006/cyto.2002.1999Search in Google Scholar
17. Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M, Wereszczyńska-Siemiątkowska U, Jurkowska G. Stem cell factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor in patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med2004;42:256–60.10.1515/CCLM.2004.047Search in Google Scholar
18. Rutkowski P, Kamińska J, Kowalska M, Ruka W, Steffen J. Cytokine serum levels in soft tissue sarcoma patients: correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Int J Cancer2002;100:463–71.10.1002/ijc.10496Search in Google Scholar
19. Kaminska J, Nowacki MP, Kowalska M, Rysinska A, Chwalinski M, Fuksiewicz M, et al. Correlation of serum cytokines with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Soluble sTNF RI an independent prognostic factor. Tumour Biol2005;26:186–94.10.1159/000086951Search in Google Scholar
20. Cosman D, Wignall J, Anderson D, Tushinski J, Gallis B, Urdal D, et al. Human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF): alternate RNA splicing generates three different proteins that are expressed on the cell surface and secreted. Behring Inst Mitt1988;83:15–26.Search in Google Scholar
21. Kamthong PJ, Wu FM, Wu MC. cAMP attenuates interleukin-1-stimulated macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) expression. Biochem J2000;350:115–22.10.1042/bj3500115Search in Google Scholar
22. Yamaguchi K, Enjoji M, Tsuneyoshi M. Pancreatoduodenal carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 304 patients and immunohistochemical observation for CEA and CA19-9. J Surg Oncol1991;47:148–54.10.1002/jso.2930470303Search in Google Scholar
23. Ichihara T, Nagura H, Nakao A, Sakamoto J, Watanabe T, Takagi H. Immunohistochemical localization of CA 19-9 and CEA in pancreatic carcinoma and associated diseases. Cancer1988;61:324–33.10.1002/1097-0142(19880115)61:2<324::AID-CNCR2820610223>3.0.CO;2-QSearch in Google Scholar
24. Kamińska J, Kowalska M, Kotowicz B, Fuksiewicz M, Glogowski M, Wojcik E, et al. Pretreatment serum levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. M-CSF-an independent prognostic factor. Oncology2000;70:115–25.10.1159/000093002Search in Google Scholar
©2007 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
Articles in the same Issue
- CCLM: Bringing advances in laboratory medicine to the “New World”
- Diagnostic approach to inherited bleeding disorders
- Linking laboratory and medication data: new opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research
- Association between polymorphisms of ACE, B2AR, ANP and ENOS and cardiovascular diseases: a community-based study in the Matsu area
- Anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies determined by second-generation assay
- Serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in pancreatic cancer patients
- Surrogate markers of insulin resistance in assessing individuals with new categories “prehypertension” and “prediabetes”
- Evaluation of pre-analytical, demographic, behavioural and metabolic variables on fibrinolysis and haemostasis activation markers utilised to assess hypercoagulability
- Hyperhomocysteinaemia and immune activation in patients with cancer
- The effect of homocysteine reduction by B-vitamin supplementation on inflammatory markers
- Lipid peroxidation in Down syndrome caused by regular trisomy 21, trisomy 21 by Robertsonian translocation and mosaic trisomy 21
- Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in dialysis patients
- L-Cysteine supplementation prevents exercise-induced alterations in human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities
- Assessment of homocysteine, neopterin and nitric oxide levels in Behcet's disease
- Increased adenosine deaminase in hydatidiform mole
- Classification tree analysis for the discrimination of pleural exudates and transudates
- External quality assessment of hemoglobin A2 measurement: data from an Italian pilot study with fresh whole blood samples and commercial HPLC systems
- Comparison of four commercial quantitative HIV-1 assays for viral load monitoring in clinical daily routine
- Interchangeability of measurements of CA 19-9 in serum with four frequently used assays: an update
- Analytical validation of the new version of the Liaison N-Tact PTH assay
- Validation of an automated sensitive immunoassay for quantitation of cytokines in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients
- Strong interference of hemoglobin concentration on CSF total protein measurement using the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method
- Correction of patient results for Beckman Coulter LX-20 assays affected by interference due to hemoglobin, bilirubin or lipids: a practical approach
- Acquiring a measurement system within the framework of standard ISO 15189
- Six Sigma and laboratory consultation
- ESR or LSRB, that is the question!
- Reply to the Letter written by Hardeman
- Natriuretic peptides. The hormones of the heart
Articles in the same Issue
- CCLM: Bringing advances in laboratory medicine to the “New World”
- Diagnostic approach to inherited bleeding disorders
- Linking laboratory and medication data: new opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research
- Association between polymorphisms of ACE, B2AR, ANP and ENOS and cardiovascular diseases: a community-based study in the Matsu area
- Anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies determined by second-generation assay
- Serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in pancreatic cancer patients
- Surrogate markers of insulin resistance in assessing individuals with new categories “prehypertension” and “prediabetes”
- Evaluation of pre-analytical, demographic, behavioural and metabolic variables on fibrinolysis and haemostasis activation markers utilised to assess hypercoagulability
- Hyperhomocysteinaemia and immune activation in patients with cancer
- The effect of homocysteine reduction by B-vitamin supplementation on inflammatory markers
- Lipid peroxidation in Down syndrome caused by regular trisomy 21, trisomy 21 by Robertsonian translocation and mosaic trisomy 21
- Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in dialysis patients
- L-Cysteine supplementation prevents exercise-induced alterations in human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities
- Assessment of homocysteine, neopterin and nitric oxide levels in Behcet's disease
- Increased adenosine deaminase in hydatidiform mole
- Classification tree analysis for the discrimination of pleural exudates and transudates
- External quality assessment of hemoglobin A2 measurement: data from an Italian pilot study with fresh whole blood samples and commercial HPLC systems
- Comparison of four commercial quantitative HIV-1 assays for viral load monitoring in clinical daily routine
- Interchangeability of measurements of CA 19-9 in serum with four frequently used assays: an update
- Analytical validation of the new version of the Liaison N-Tact PTH assay
- Validation of an automated sensitive immunoassay for quantitation of cytokines in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients
- Strong interference of hemoglobin concentration on CSF total protein measurement using the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method
- Correction of patient results for Beckman Coulter LX-20 assays affected by interference due to hemoglobin, bilirubin or lipids: a practical approach
- Acquiring a measurement system within the framework of standard ISO 15189
- Six Sigma and laboratory consultation
- ESR or LSRB, that is the question!
- Reply to the Letter written by Hardeman
- Natriuretic peptides. The hormones of the heart
