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The scientific interest in forward osmosis has increased dramatically over the last decade. The hype has resulted in a high scientific production, but research activities seem to go in all directions, and the real benefits of the process are not always well understood. This paper aims to give some directions based on the current state of the art. Without going into details about the process itself, the current research lines and their background are described. While some of these are important, others – notably the search for alternative draw solutions – have become the Holy Grail of forward osmosis. The further analysis of the process is based on suggested applications and uses the observations made on contemporary research topics in the field. At first, direct application of forward osmosis for potable water production is considered. This leads back to the research challenges of the reverse draw solute flux, concentration polarization, and the regeneration of the draw solution. Special attention is given to desalination, as forward osmosis is often incorrectly denoted as a desalination technology. It can be used in the context of desalination; however, the question remains in which applications this is of interest. Combining desalination and wastewater treatment is one such interesting application, which is further described in this paper for some types of wastewater found in the literature. In the last part, the paper emphasizes the need to develop processes in which the challenge of the draw solution is intrinsically solved. The foremost example of such application is the one for which forward osmosis was developed four decades ago: the use of impaired water sources diluted through a forward osmosis membrane by using a concentrated fertilizer solution to provide osmotic pressure. This application was suggested four decades ago but was never applied on any scale. Process economics and an insufficiently developed technology may have been the basis of this failure. However, a renewed focus on such applications would allow forward osmosis to come to its real potential and contribute to solving the global water challenge.

Extractive distillation is one of the efficient techniques for separating azeotropic and low-relative-volatility mixtures in various chemical industries. This paper first provides an overview of thermodynamic insight covering residue curve map analysis, the application of univolatility and unidistribution curves, and thermodynamic feasibility study. The pinch-point analysis method combining bifurcation shortcut presents another branch of study, and several achievements have been realized by the identification of possible product cut under the following key parameters: reflux ratio, reboil ratio, and entrainer-feed flow rate ratio. Process operation policies and strategy concerning batch extractive distillation processes are summarized in four operation steps. Several configurations and technological alternatives can be used when extractive distillation processes take place in a continuous or batch column, depending on the strategy selected for the recycle streams and for the main azeotropic feeds.

Removal of organic sulfur compounds from diesel by adsorption on different carbon materials, including activated carbons (ACs), carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes, and AC cloths, was reviewed. The effect of the textural and surface chemistry property of carbon on desulfurization performance, carbon surface modification, adsorption mechanism, and adsorbent regeneration and the effect of other components, including aromatics, additives, nitrogen compounds, and moisture, on adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel were also discussed in detail. Carbon materials showed very high selectivity for removing the dibenzothiophenes, especially for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, which is very difficult with hydrodesulfurization and other adsorbents. Both the textural and chemical properties of AC have an important impact on the adsorption of DBTs. Adsorption selectivity and capacity can be enhanced further by carbon surface modification. Considering the effect of diffusion hindrance and regeneration, mesoporous carbon is more suitable than microporous carbon with pore size <2 nm. It is necessary to eliminate the inhibiting effect of fuel additive and nitrogen compounds on the DBTs before carbon materials are used for desulfurization of real diesel fuel. In the end, some useful suggestions are also made.

Wastewater-based microbial fuel cell is a promising green technology that can potentially be used to treat recalcitrant wastewater such as textile wastewater through in situ Fenton oxidation while generating net positive energy. One of the main features of this technology is the use of membranes for isolating the cathode chamber for in situ H 2 O 2 production (thus in situ Fenton oxidation). The challenges in this technology include membrane fouling and resistance, pH splitting, oxygen diffusion, substrate crossovers, effect of Fenton’s reagents and high cost of commercially available membranes. Therefore, this paper critically analyzes each challenge in detail to access their direct or indirect effects on the overall performance. Exploration of new materials and modifications of existing materials has produced cost-efficient and reliable membranes. However, their application in in situ Fenton oxidation has not been demonstrated. It is concluded that the use of membranes with high hydrophilicity, small pore size and materials enriched with sulfonated groups is suitable for in situ H 2 O 2 production in the cathode chamber. Moreover, use of cleaning agents such as H 2 O 2 or H 2 SO 4 recovers the membrane performance for in situ H 2 O 2 production. Thus, it offers a green technology because in situ H 2 O 2 can be used for membrane cleaning and energy produced can be used for aeration of the cathode chamber.

Biodegradable polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs) are essential means to reduce cost, improve marketability, conserve land fertility, achieve high crop yields and combat climate challenges. It is known that about 15–30% of any fertilizer packed in a PC-CRF does not get released due to the concentration gradient difference across the polymer coatings. To release the trapped fertilizer(s), it is desired that polymer-based coatings should biodegrade after the fertilizer is completely released into the soil. This review has aimed to provide a comprehensive account for various biodegradable polymers/blends derived either from natural or synthetic sources which are cited in the literature for PC-CRFs. In addition, this review covers the discussion on their classification criteria, trends in the processes of fertilizer coatings, methodological issues for their biodegradation assessment, coating attributes that affect the biodegradability and an outlook into their biodegradation kinetic models that involve enzymes and microbial processes. It also concludes that experimental as well as modeling data are insufficient to assess the biodegradation contribution of the overall nutrient release in PC-CRFs.