Determination of Al/Si order in sillimanite by high angular resolution electron channeling X-ray spectroscopy, and implications for determining peak temperatures of sillimanite
-
Yohei Igami
,
Takahiro Kuribayashi
Abstract
Sillimanite is a polymorph of Al2SiO5 that is widely used as an indicator of pressures and temperatures reached during metamorphism. The degree of disorder in the double chains of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra in sillimanite, particularly at high temperatures, is of interest as a factor in the phase relations of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs. We determined the Al/Si order parameter (Q) of sillimanite from Rundvågshetta, Antarctica, by the high angular resolution electron channeling X-ray spectroscopy (HARECXS) method using transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. HARECXS profiles were successfully obtained from regions ~1 μm in diameter by automated control of beam tilting and X-ray detection. The obtained Q value was close to that previously estimated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the Q values of annealed samples were obtained while avoiding interference from mullite or SiO2-rich glass domains formed by annealing. For quantitative determination of Q, we also performed theoretical calculations of HARECXS profiles and evaluated sample thicknesses by convergent-beam electron diffraction. The experimentally obtained profiles were successfully fitted by a linear combination of simulated profiles of completely ordered and completely disordered sillimanite, which yielded Q values. The Q values obtained from 18 measurements showed no effect from differing sample thicknesses. Moreover, the results from annealed samples showed that Q decreases continuously with increasing annealing temperature. The temperature dependence of Q values, formulated by least-squares fitting on the basis of the Bragg-Williams approximation, yielded a transition temperature from order to disorder at 1727 °C. The obtained curve is more accurate at high temperatures than previous estimates. It indicates that the sample material reached peak temperatures greater than ~1000 °C, which is close to previous estimates of the peak metamorphic temperature of Rundvågshetta sillimanite. This study also implies that the HARECXS method is suitable for accurate analyses of other natural samples with complicated microtextures.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Shunsuke Muto, Masahiro Ohtsuka (Nagoya University), Kenji Tsuda (Tohoku University), and Shoichi Toh (Fukuoka University) for their help and advice on TEM analyses. We also thank Toshisuke Kawasaki (Ehime University) for providing the starting material sample and Shugo Ohi (Shiga University) for help with sample preparation. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP16H06348 to A.M.
References cited
Balzar, D., and Ledbetter, H. (1993) Crystal structure and compressibility of 3:2 mullite. American Mineralogist, 78, 1192–1196.Suche in Google Scholar
Bish, D.L., and Burnham, C.W. (1992) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of fibrolitic silliamnite using neutron powder diffraction data. American Mineralogist, 77, 374–379.Suche in Google Scholar
Burnham, C.W. (1963) Refinement of the crystal structure of sillimanite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 118, 127–148.10.1524/zkri.1963.118.1-2.127Suche in Google Scholar
Buseck, P.R., and Self, P. (1992) Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron channelling (ALCHEMI). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 27, 141–180.10.1515/9781501509735-009Suche in Google Scholar
Fraser, G., McDougall, I., Ellis, D.J., and Williams, I.S. (2000) Timing and rate of isothermal decompression in Pan-African granulites from Rundvågshetta, East Antarctica. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, 441–454.10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00270.xSuche in Google Scholar
Greenwood, H.J. (1972) AlIV-SiIV disorder in sillimanite and itseffect on phase relations of the aluminum silicate minerals. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 132, 553–571.10.1130/MEM132-p553Suche in Google Scholar
Harley, S.L. (1998) An appraisal of peak temperatures and thermal histories in ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) crustal metamorphism: the significance of aluminous orthopyroxene. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special issue, 53, 49–73.Suche in Google Scholar
Holdaway, M.J. (1971) Stability of andalusite and the aluminum silicate phase diagram. American Journal of Science, 271, 97–131.10.2475/ajs.271.2.97Suche in Google Scholar
Holland, T.J.B., and Carpenter, M.A. (1986) Aluminium/silicon disordering and melting in sillimanite at high pressures. Nature, 320, 151–153.10.1038/320151a0Suche in Google Scholar
Igami, Y., Ohi, S., and Miyake, A. (2017) Sillimanite–mullite transformation observed in synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 100, 4928–4937.10.1111/jace.15020Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, J.B. (1968) Al–O and Si–O tetrahedral distances in aluminosilicate framework structures. Acta Crystallographica, B24, 355–358.10.1107/S0567740868002360Suche in Google Scholar
Kawasaki, T., Ishikawa, M., and Motoyoshi, Y. (1993) A preliminary report on cordierite-bearing assemblages from Rundvågshetta, Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica: Evidence for a decompressional P-T path? Proceedings of NIPR Symposium of Antarctic Geosciences, 6, 47–56.Suche in Google Scholar
Kawasaki, T., Nakano, N., and Osanai, Y. (2011) Osumilite and a spinel + quartz association in garnet–sillimanite gneiss from Rundvågshetta, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. Gondwana Research, 19, 430–445.10.1016/j.gr.2010.07.008Suche in Google Scholar
Matsumura, S., Soeda, T., Zaluzec, N.J., and Kinoshita, C. (2001) Electron channeling X-ray microanalysis for cation configuration in irradiated magnesium alminate spinel. Advances in Materials Problem Solving with the Electron Microscope, 129–134.Suche in Google Scholar
Muto, S., and Ohtsuka, M. (2017) High-precision quantitative atomic-site-analysis of functional dopants in crystalline materials by electron-channelling-enhanced microanalysis. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 63, 40–61.10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2017.02.001Suche in Google Scholar
Navrotsky, A., Newton, R.C., and Kleppa, O.J. (1973) Sillimanite-disordering enthalpy by calorimetry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, 2497–2508.10.1016/0016-7037(73)90294-9Suche in Google Scholar
Oxley, M.P., and Allen, L.J. (2003) ICSC: a program for calculating inelastic scattering cross sections for fast electron incident on crystals. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 36, 940–943.10.1107/S0021889803002875Suche in Google Scholar
Peterson, R.C., and McMullan, R.K. (1986) Neutron diffraction studies of sillimanite. American Mineralogist, 71, 742–745.Suche in Google Scholar
Rahman, S., Feustel, U., and Freimann, S. (2001) Structure description of the thermic phase transformation sillimanite–mullite. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 21, 2471–2478.10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00386-7Suche in Google Scholar
Raterron, P., Carpenter, M., and Doukhan, J.C. (1999) Sillimanite miullitization: ATEM investigation and point defect model. Phase Transitions, 68, 451–500.10.1080/01411599908224529Suche in Google Scholar
Raterron, P., Carpenter, M., and Doukhan, J.C. (2000) ATEM investigation of experimentally annealed sillimanite: new constraints for the SiO2-Al2O3 join. Mineralogical Magazine, 64, 247–254.10.1180/002646100549346Suche in Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G.M. (1997) SHELX-97: Programs for crystal structure analysis. University of Göttingen, Germany.Suche in Google Scholar
Smith, J.V., and Bailey, S.W. (1963) Second review of A1-O and Si-O tetrahedral distances. Acta Crystallographica, 16, 801–811.10.1107/S0365110X63002061Suche in Google Scholar
Soeda, T., Matsumura, S., Kinoshita, C., and Zaluzec, N.J. (2000) Cation disordering in magnesium aluminate spinel crystals induced by electron or ion irradiation. Journal of Neuclear Materials, 283-287, 952–956.10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00164-1Suche in Google Scholar
Spence, J.C.H., and Taftø, J. (1983) ALCHEMI: a new technique for locating atoms in small crystals. Journal of Microscopy, 130, 147–154.10.1111/j.1365-2818.1983.tb04213.xSuche in Google Scholar
Tomba, A., Camerucci, M.A., Urretavizcaya, G., Cavalieri, A.L., and Sainz, M.A. (1999) Elongated mullite crystals obtained from high temperature transformation of sillimanite. Ceramic International, 25, 245–252.10.1016/S0272-8842(98)00031-5Suche in Google Scholar
Tsuda, K., and Tanaka, M. (1999) Refinement of crystal structural parameters using two-dimensional energy-filtered CBED patterns. Acta Crystallographica, A55, 939–954.10.1107/S0108767399005401Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Winter, J.K., and Ghose, S. (1979) Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs. American Mineralogist, 64, 573–586.Suche in Google Scholar
Yasuda, K., Yamamoto, T., Shimada, M., Matsumura, S., Chimi, Y., and Ishikawa, N. (2006) Atomic structure and disordering induced by 350 MeV Au ions in MgAl2O4. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 250, 238–244.10.1016/j.nimb.2006.04.164Suche in Google Scholar
Yasuda, K., Yamamoto, T., and Matsumura, S. (2007) The atomic structure of disordered ion tracks in magnesium aluminate spinel. Journal of Materials, 59, 27–30.10.1007/s11837-007-0050-3Suche in Google Scholar
Zen, E. (1969) The stability relations of the polymorphs of aluminum silicates: a survey and some comments. American Journal of Science, 267, 297–309.10.2475/ajs.267.3.297Suche in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Crystallography on Mars: Curiosity’s Bragging right
- Al diffusion in quartz
- Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies
- Crystal chemistry of martian minerals from Bradbury Landing through Naukluft Plateau, Gale crater, Mars
- Petrogenesis of martian sulfides in the Chassigny meteorite
- Immiscible sulfide melts in primitive oceanic magmas: Evidence and implications from picrite lavas (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia)
- Snapshots of primitive arc magma evolution recorded by clinopyroxene textural and compositional variations: The case of hybrid crystal-rich enclaves from Capo Marargiu Volcanic District (Sardinia, Italy)
- Three-dimensional distribution of primary melt inclusions in garnets by X-ray microtomography
- Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of selected REE-bearing silicate minerals
- Determination of Al/Si order in sillimanite by high angular resolution electron channeling X-ray spectroscopy, and implications for determining peak temperatures of sillimanite
- Ascent rates of rhyolitic magma at the onset of three caldera-forming eruptions
- Temperature dependence of Raman shifts and line widths for Q0 and Q2 crystals of silicates, phosphates, and sulfates
- Single-crystal elastic properties of minerals and related materials with cubic symmetry
- Sodium amphibole in the post-glaucophane high-pressure domain: The role of eckermannite
- Non-hydrostatic stress field orientation inferred from orthopyroxene (Pbca) to low-clinoenstatite (P21/c) inversion in partially dehydrated serpentinites
- Letter
- UHP Ti-chondrodite in the Zermatt-Saas serpentinite: Constraints on a new tectonic scenario
- Book Review
- Book Review
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Crystallography on Mars: Curiosity’s Bragging right
- Al diffusion in quartz
- Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies
- Crystal chemistry of martian minerals from Bradbury Landing through Naukluft Plateau, Gale crater, Mars
- Petrogenesis of martian sulfides in the Chassigny meteorite
- Immiscible sulfide melts in primitive oceanic magmas: Evidence and implications from picrite lavas (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia)
- Snapshots of primitive arc magma evolution recorded by clinopyroxene textural and compositional variations: The case of hybrid crystal-rich enclaves from Capo Marargiu Volcanic District (Sardinia, Italy)
- Three-dimensional distribution of primary melt inclusions in garnets by X-ray microtomography
- Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of selected REE-bearing silicate minerals
- Determination of Al/Si order in sillimanite by high angular resolution electron channeling X-ray spectroscopy, and implications for determining peak temperatures of sillimanite
- Ascent rates of rhyolitic magma at the onset of three caldera-forming eruptions
- Temperature dependence of Raman shifts and line widths for Q0 and Q2 crystals of silicates, phosphates, and sulfates
- Single-crystal elastic properties of minerals and related materials with cubic symmetry
- Sodium amphibole in the post-glaucophane high-pressure domain: The role of eckermannite
- Non-hydrostatic stress field orientation inferred from orthopyroxene (Pbca) to low-clinoenstatite (P21/c) inversion in partially dehydrated serpentinites
- Letter
- UHP Ti-chondrodite in the Zermatt-Saas serpentinite: Constraints on a new tectonic scenario
- Book Review
- Book Review
