An experimental investigation of flame retardancy and thermal stability of treated and untreated kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites
-
Nivedhitha Durgam Muralidharan
und
Venkatachalam Gopalan
Abstract
Natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites perform poor in mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures due to the cellulose and hemicellulose contents of natural fiber start degrading at elevated temperature. In this research work, flame retardancy and thermal stability of treated and untreated kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites have been experimentally investigated and reported. Two composite laminates, one with 6 % NaOH Alkali treated and another with untreated woven kenaf mats, were fabricated by hand lay-up technique followed by compression molding with 40 % fiber weight fractions. Flame retardancy test and various thermal characteristics studies such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), heat deflection temperature (HDT), and morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out. The results showed that alkali treated kenaf fiber composite achieved V0 fire retardancy grade. The major weight losses, 86 % and 75.5 % for untreated and treated composites respectively were recorded between 300 °C and 450 °C. 13.6 % increase in HDT was noted for treated composite with 0.25 mm deflection at 0.45 MPa pressure condition. Thus the composite laminate with 6 % NaOH alkali-treated kenaf fiber achieved the best thermal stability with less degradation which is more suitable for automobile and aerospace applications.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to VIT Chennai for providing the seed fund and fully operational laboratory for carrying out the experiments.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicting financial/personal interest regarding this article.
-
Research funding: No funding declared.
References
1. Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 109, 102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.039.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Sanjay, M. R., Madhu, P., Jawaid, M., Senthamaraikannan, P., Senthil, S., Pradeep, S. J. Cleaner Prod. 2018, 172, 566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101.Suche in Google Scholar
3. Pickering, K. L., Efendy, M. G. A., Le, T. M. Composites, Part A 2016, 83, 98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038.Suche in Google Scholar
4. Shalwan, A., Yousif, B. Mater. Des. 2013, 48, 14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014.Suche in Google Scholar
5. Sanjay, M. R., Siengchin, S., Parameswaranpillai, J., Jawaid, M., Pruncu, C. I., Khan, A. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 207, 108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.083.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Sapuan, S. M., Aulia, H. S., Ilyas, R. A., Atiqah, A., Dele-Afolabi, T. T., Nurazzi, M. N., Supian, A., Atikah, M. Polymers 2020, 12, 2211, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102211.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
7. Vinod, A., Sanjay, M. R., Suchart, S., Jyotishkumar, P. J. Cleaner Prod. 2020, 258, 120978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120978.Suche in Google Scholar
8. Akonda, M., Alimuzzaman, S., Shah, D. U., Rahman, A. M. Fibers 2018, 6, 98, https://doi.org/10.3390/fib6040098.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Khanlou, H. M., Woodfield, P., Summerscales, J., Francucci, G., King, B., Talebian, S., Foroughi, J., Hall, W. Measurement 2018, 116, 367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.11.031.Suche in Google Scholar
10. Porras, A., Maranon, A. Composites, Part B 2012, 43, 2782, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.039.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Supian, B. M., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Zuhri, M. Y. M., Ilyas, R. A., Syamsir, A. Fibers Polym. 2022, 23, 222, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0169-9.Suche in Google Scholar
12. Akampumuza, O., Wambua, P. M., Ahmed, A., Li, W., Qin, X. Polym. Compos. 2017, 38, 2553, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23847.Suche in Google Scholar
13. Khan, R. A., Khan, M. A., Zaman, H. U., Pervin, S., Khan, N., Sultana, S., Saha, M., Mustafa, A., J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2010, 29, 1078, https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684409103148.Suche in Google Scholar
14. Yang, S., Huo, S., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Wang, J., Ran, S., Fang, Z., Song, P., Wang, H., Composites, Part B 2021, 207, 108601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108601.Suche in Google Scholar
15. Roy, P. K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Butola, B. S. J. Nat. Fibers 2018, 15, 483, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1029190.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Kale, M. B., Divakaran, N., Mubarak, S., Dhamodharan, D., Senthil, T., Wu, L. Polymer 2020, 186, 122008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122008.Suche in Google Scholar
17. Thimmaiah, S. H., Narayanappa, K., Yashas, T. G., Arpitha, G. R., Hemath Kumar, M., Thiagamani, S. M. K., Verma, A., Polym. Compos. 2022, 44, 261, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27043.Suche in Google Scholar
18. Verma, A., Baurai, K., Sanjay, M. R., Siengchin, S. Polym. Compos. 2020, 41, 338, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25373.Suche in Google Scholar
19. Verma, A., Budiyal, L., Sanjay, M. R., Siengchin, S. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2019, 59, 2041, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25204.Suche in Google Scholar
20. Verma, A., Negi, P., Singh, V. K. Polym. Compos. 2019, 40, 2690, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25067.Suche in Google Scholar
21. Verma, A., Negi, P., Singh, V. K. J. Test. Eval. 2019, 47, 1193.10.1520/JTE20170063Suche in Google Scholar
22. Verma, A., Gaur, A., Singh, V. Mater. Perform. Charact. 2017, 6, 500.10.1520/MPC20170069Suche in Google Scholar
23. Ni, X., Dong, A., Fan, X., Wang, Q., Yu, Y., Cavacopaulo, A. Polym. Compos. 2017, 38, 1327, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23699.Suche in Google Scholar
24. Nerea, P., Qi, X., Nie, S., Acuña, P., Chen, M., Wang, D. Materials 2019, 12, 152, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010152.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
25. Wang, B., Panigrahi, S., Tabil, L., Crerar, W. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2007, 26, 447, https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406072526.Suche in Google Scholar
26. Srinivasa, V., Arifulla, A., Goutham, N., Santhosh, T., Jaeethendra, H., Ravikumar, R., Anil, S., Santhosh Kumar, D., Ashish, J., Mater. Des. 2011, 32, 2469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.020.Suche in Google Scholar
27. Madhavi, S., Raju, N., Johns, J. Fibers Polym. 2021, 22, 3183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0027-9.Suche in Google Scholar
28. Zafar, M. T., Kumar, S., Singla, R. K., Maiti, S. N., Ghosh, A. K. Fibers Polym. 2018, 19, 648, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7428-4.Suche in Google Scholar
29. Radzi, A., Sapuan, S., Jawaid, M., Mansor, M. Fibers Polym. 2019, 20, 847, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-1061-8.Suche in Google Scholar
30. Dorneles De Castro, B., Machado Neves Silva, K. M., Maziero, R., Eustáquio de Faria, P., Silva-Caldeira, P. P., Campos Rubio, J. C. Fibers Polym. 2020, 21, 1816, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-020-1106-z.Suche in Google Scholar
31. An, X., Fan, H., Mater. Des. 2016, 106, 247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.110.Suche in Google Scholar
32. Chen, Y., Su, N., Zhang, K., Zhu, S., Zhu, Z., Qin, W., Yang, Y., Shi, Y., Fan, S., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 123, 341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.079.Suche in Google Scholar
33. Chen, Q., Shi, Q., Gorb, S. N., Li, Z. J. Biomech. 2014, 47, 1332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.02.010.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
34. Prabhakar, M. N., Rehaman, A. U., Shah, Song, J. Compos. Res. 2015, 28, 29, https://doi.org/10.7234/composres.2015.28.2.029.Suche in Google Scholar
35. Sathish Kumar, R., Muralidharan, N., Sathyamurthy, R. J. Nat. Fibers 2022, 19, 4276, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1856276.Suche in Google Scholar
36. Sathish Kumar, R., Nivedhitha, D. M. J. Nat. Fibers 2022, 19, 2457.Suche in Google Scholar
37. Umair, M., Shahbaz, A., Ahmad, A., Arif, S., Shaker, K., Jabbar, M., Nawab, Y., Fibers Polym. 2022, 23, 2866, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4049-8.Suche in Google Scholar
38. Jothibasu, S., Mohanamurugan, S., Vijay, R., Lenin Singaravelu, D., Vinod, A., Sanjay, M. R. J. Ind. Text. 2020, 49, 1036, https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083718804207.Suche in Google Scholar
39. Manickam, C., Kumar, J., Athijayamani, A., Easter Samuel, J. Polym. Compos. 2015, 36, 1638, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23072.Suche in Google Scholar
40. Sreenivasan, V. S., Ravindran, D., Manikandan, V., Narayanasamy, R. Mater. Des. 2011, 32, 2444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.042.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Material Properties
- Effect of super critical carbon dioxide and alkali treatment on oxygen barrier properties of thermoplastic starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) films
- Promoting antibacterial activity of polyurethane blend films by regulating surface-enrichment of SiO2 bactericidal agent
- Improving anti-aging performance of terminal blend rubberized bitumen by using graft activated crumb rubber
- An experimental investigation of flame retardancy and thermal stability of treated and untreated kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites
- Preparation and properties of ABS/BNNS composites with high thermal conductivity for FDM
- Development of a high-strength carrageenan fiber with a small amount of aluminum ions pre-crosslinked in spinning solution
- Development and characterization of new formulation of biodegradable emulsified film based on polysaccharides blend and microcrystalline wax
- Study on the volatilization behavior of monomer and oligomers in polyamide-6 melt by dynamic film–forming device
- Engineering and Processing
- Numerical simulation on the mixing behavior of double-wave screw under speed sinusoidal pulsating enhancement induced by differential drive
- Numerical and experimental studies on the influence of gas pressure on particle size during gas-assisted extrusion of tubes with embedded antibacterial particles
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Material Properties
- Effect of super critical carbon dioxide and alkali treatment on oxygen barrier properties of thermoplastic starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) films
- Promoting antibacterial activity of polyurethane blend films by regulating surface-enrichment of SiO2 bactericidal agent
- Improving anti-aging performance of terminal blend rubberized bitumen by using graft activated crumb rubber
- An experimental investigation of flame retardancy and thermal stability of treated and untreated kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites
- Preparation and properties of ABS/BNNS composites with high thermal conductivity for FDM
- Development of a high-strength carrageenan fiber with a small amount of aluminum ions pre-crosslinked in spinning solution
- Development and characterization of new formulation of biodegradable emulsified film based on polysaccharides blend and microcrystalline wax
- Study on the volatilization behavior of monomer and oligomers in polyamide-6 melt by dynamic film–forming device
- Engineering and Processing
- Numerical simulation on the mixing behavior of double-wave screw under speed sinusoidal pulsating enhancement induced by differential drive
- Numerical and experimental studies on the influence of gas pressure on particle size during gas-assisted extrusion of tubes with embedded antibacterial particles
