Startseite Religionswissenschaft, Bibelwissenschaft und Theologie Neo-Assyrian Deportations, the Moon God of Harran, and the Shaping of the Biblical Ancestral Traditions
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Neo-Assyrian Deportations, the Moon God of Harran, and the Shaping of the Biblical Ancestral Traditions

  • John Will Rice EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. April 2025

Abstract

Through annexation and two-way deportations, the Neo-Assyrian conquest of the southern Levant in the late eighth century BCE resulted in a complete sociopolitical reorganization of the northern Palestinian highlands. The imperial apparatus exiled Israelites to Upper Mesopotamia and likewise forced Mesopotamian populations into the region to fill the demographic void in their stead. Cuneiform texts from the period attest to both Israelite deportees in Upper Mesopotamia and Mesopotamian deportees in the Neo-Assyrian province of Samerina, as well as to the persistence of previous identities in these new contexts and, more generally, to the heterogeneity that seemed to define provincial life in the empire. One of the most visible signs of Neo-Assyrian imperialism in the southern Levant is the appearance in the local glyptic of the cult standard of Sin, the moon god of Harran. Harran functioned as the de facto “western capital” of the Neo-Assyrian empire during the Sargonid period, and it also enjoyed special status later under Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian empire. Conspicuously, both Harran and Ur – another prominent home of a temple to Sin – appear in the narratives of Genesis as the homes of the biblical ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Against the background of the two-way deportations and their lasting effects on southern Levantine society, it appears that certain aspects of these ancestral narratives were constructed to reflect and respond to the societal heterogeneity brought about by annexation into the Mesopotamian imperial sphere. The Abraham and Jacob stories attest to heavy southern Levantine adaptation of Mesopotamian themes and motifs, such as Assyrian and Babylonian city theology and allusions to the Epic of Gilgamesh. In particular, Harran and Ur appearing as the hometowns of Abraham can be placed alongside iconographic evidence in evincing the localization of aspects of the Mesopotamian lunar deity in the southern Levant during the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods. Moreover, the placement of the Israelites’ origins in Upper Mesopotamia according to the earlier Jacob story paints them as close relatives to the Aramean population of the region, thereby seeming to construct a history of “Israel” that blurs the lines between Mesopotamians and Levantines – presumably serving to promote and facilitate social cohesion as a reaction to forced imperial heterogeneity.


Corresponding author: John Will Rice, Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; and Faculty of Theology, 9144 Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my appreciation to Ido Koch for his comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Nevertheless, all shortcomings herein are, of course, my own. I am also extremely grateful for Jakob Wöhrle, who passed unexpectedly while this article was in press. His mentorship, openness for conversation, and willingness to devote time for thorough constructive feedback were all indispensable for refining many of the ideas in this article and in my journey as a doctoral student in Germany and Israel as a whole.

References

Albertz, Rainer. 2003. Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Translated by David Green. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.Suche in Google Scholar

Alstola, Tero. 2019. Judeans in Babylonia: A Study of Deportees in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries B.C.E. CHANE 109. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004365421Suche in Google Scholar

Bagg, Ariel M. 2014. “Viel Lärm um nichts: Über die vermeintliche Assyrisierung im alten Israel.” In Kulturkontakte in antiken Welten: Vom Denkmodell zum Fallbeispiel – Proceedings des internationalen Kolloquiums aus Anlass des 60. Geburtstages von Christoph Ulf, Innsbruck, 26. bis 30. Januar 2009, edited by Robert Rollinger, and Kordula Schnegg, 3–15. Colloquia Antiqua 10. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar

Becking, Bob. 1981–1982. “The Two Neo-Assyrian Documents from Gezer in Their Historical Context.” Jaarbereicht van het vooraziatisch-egyptisch Genootschap ‘Ex Oriente Lux’ 27: 76–89.Suche in Google Scholar

Becking, Bob. 1992. The Fall of Samaria: An Historical and Archaeological Study. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004668836Suche in Google Scholar

Becking, Bob. 2002. “West Semites at Tell Šēḫ Ḥamad: Evidence for the Israelite Exile?” In Kein Land für sich allein: Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebirnâri für Manfred Weippert zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Ulrich Hübner, and Ernst Axel Knauf, 153–66. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 186. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Suche in Google Scholar

Berlejung, Angelika. 2019. “Identity Performances in Multilinguistic Contexts: The Cases of Yarih-ʿezer from Amman and Ikausu/Achish from Ekron.” Die Welt des Orients 49 (3): 252–87. https://doi.org/10.13109/wdor.2019.49.2.252.Suche in Google Scholar

Bickerman, E. J. 1978. “The Generation of Ezra and Nehemiah.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 45: 1–28.10.2307/3622307Suche in Google Scholar

Blanco Wißmann, Felipe. 2008. “Er tat das Rechte …”. Beurteilungskriterien und Deuteronomismus in 1Kön 12–2Kön 25. Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments 93. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Blenkinsopp, Joseph. 1998. “The Judaean Priesthood during the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods: A Hypothetical Reconstruction.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 60 (1): 25–43.Suche in Google Scholar

Blenkinsopp, Joseph. 2003. “Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period.” In Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, edited by Oded Lipschits, and Joseph Blenkinsopp, 93–107. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575065403-006Suche in Google Scholar

Bloch, Yigal. 2014. “Judeans in Sippar and Susa during the First Century of the Babylonian Exile: Assimilation and Perseverance under Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Rule.” JANEH 1.2: 119–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2014-0005.Suche in Google Scholar

Blum, Erhard. 1984. Die Komposition der Vätergeschichte. Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 57. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukichener Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Blum, Erhard. 2012. “The Jacob Tradition.” In The Book of Genesis: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation, edited by Craig A. Evens, Joel N. Lohr, and David L. Petersen, 181–211. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004226579_009Suche in Google Scholar

Bryce, Trevor. 2009. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203875506Suche in Google Scholar

Carr, David M. 1996. Reading the Fractures of Genesis: Historical and Literary Approaches. Louisville: Westminster John Knox.Suche in Google Scholar

Carr, David M. 2011. The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742608.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Carr, David M. 2020. The Formation of Genesis 1–11: Biblical and Other Precursors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190062545.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Cogan, Mordechai. 1978. “Israel in Exile—The View of a Josianic Historian.” JBL 97 (1): 40–4. https://doi.org/10.2307/3265834.Suche in Google Scholar

Cogan, Mordechai. 1995. “A Lamashtu Plaque from the Judaean Shephelah.” Israel Exploration Journal 45 (2/3): 155–61.Suche in Google Scholar

Cogan, Mordechai. 2008. The Assyrian Stela Fragment from Ben-Shemen. In Treasures on Camels’ Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph‘al, edited by Mordechai Cogan, and Dan’el Kahn, 66–9. Jerusalem: Magnes.Suche in Google Scholar

Crowfoot, John W. 1957. “Scarabs, Seals and Seal Impressions.” In Samaria-Sebaste: Reports of the Work of the Joint Expedition in 1931–1933 and of the British Expedition in 1935, Vol. 3: The Objects from Samaria, edited by John W. Crowfoot, Grace M. Crowfoot, and Kathleen M. Kenyon, 85–9. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Suche in Google Scholar

Dalley, Stephanie. 1985. “Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.” Iraq 47: 31–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200230.Suche in Google Scholar

Dalley, Stephanie. 2003. “Why Did Herodotus Not Mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?”. In Herodotus and His World: Essays from a Conference in Memory of George Forrest edited by Peter Derow, and Robert Parker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 171–89.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253746.003.0010Suche in Google Scholar

Dalley, Stephanie, and J. Nicholas Postgate, eds. 1984. The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser, Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 3. Oxford: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Suche in Google Scholar

de Pury, Albert. 2007. “Pg as the Absolute Beginning.” In Les dernières redactions du Pentateuque, de l’Hexateuque et de l’Ennéateuque, edited by Thomas Römer, and Konrad Schmid, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 203, 2007. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar

Dijkstra, Meindert. 1999a. “Leah.” In Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, 506–7. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Dijkstra, Meindert. 1999b. “Rachel.” In Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. 2nd ed., edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, 683–4. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Donbaz, Veysel, and Simo Parpola. 2001. Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul. Studien zu den Assur-Texten 2. Saarbrücken: Harrassowitz.Suche in Google Scholar

Draper, Charles. 2015. “Two Libyan Names in a Seventh Century Sale Document from Assur.” Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 7 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_jaei_v07i2_draper.Suche in Google Scholar

Durand, Jean-Marie. 2008. “La religion amorrite en Syrie à l’époque des archives de Mari.” In Mythologie et religion des Sémites occidentaux, Vol. 1: Ébla, Mari, edited by Gregorio del Omo Lete. OLA 162, 163–716. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar

Fales, Frederick Mario. 1993. “West Semitic Names in the Šēḫ Ḥamad Texts.” SAAB 7: 139–50.Suche in Google Scholar

Fales, Frederick Mario. 2019. “Why Israel? Reflections on Shalmaneser V’s and Sargon II’s Grand Strategy for the Levant.” In The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel, edited by Shuichi Hasegawa, Christoph Levin, and Karen Radner. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 511, 87–99. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110566604-005Suche in Google Scholar

Finkelstein, Israel, and Thomas Römer. 2014a. “Comments on the Historical Background of the Abraham Narrative: Between “Realia” and “Exegetica.”” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 1 (3): 3–23.10.1628/219222714X13994465496820Suche in Google Scholar

Finkelstein, Israel, and Thomas Römer. 2014b. “Comments on the Historical Background of the Jacob Narrative in Genesis.” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 126 (3): 317–38. https://doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2014-0020.Suche in Google Scholar

Finkelstein, Israel, and Lily Singer-Avitz. 2009. “Reevaluating Bethel.” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 125 (1): 33–48.Suche in Google Scholar

Frahm, Eckart. 2017. “The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE).” In A Companion to Assyria, edited by Eckart Frahm. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, 161–208. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118325216.ch8Suche in Google Scholar

Frahm, Eckart. 2019. “Samaria, Hamath, and Assyria’s Conquest in the Levant in the Late 720s BCE.” In The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel, edited by Shuichi Hasegawa, Christoph Levin, and Karen Radner. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 511, 55–86. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110566604-004Suche in Google Scholar

Frahm, Eckart. 2022. “The Intellectual Background of Assyrian Deportees, Colonists, and Officials in the Levant.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11 (Suppl): 56–82. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0013.Suche in Google Scholar

Fritz, Volkmar. 1997. Tempel und Zelt: Studien zum Tempelbau in Israel und zu dem Zeltheiligtum der Priesterschrift. Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 47. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Fuchs, Andreas. 2005. “War das Neuassyrische Reich ein Militärstaat?” In Krieg – Gesellschaft – Institutionen: Beiträge zu einer vergleichenden Kriegsgeschichte, edited by Burkhard Meißner, Oliver Schmitt, and Michael Sommer, 35–60. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.10.1524/9783050084213.35Suche in Google Scholar

Gadd, Cyril J. 1951. Note on the Stele of Aşağı Yarımca. AnSt 1: 108–10.Suche in Google Scholar

Gadd, Cyril J. 1957. “A Fragment in Cuneiform Script.” In Samaria-Sebaste: Reports of the Work of the Joint Expedition in 1931–1933 and of the British Expedition in 1935, Vol. 3: The Objects from Samaria, edited by John W. Crowfoot, Grace M. Crowfoot, and Kathleen M. Kenyon, 35. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Suche in Google Scholar

George, Andrew R. 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Gertz, Jan Christian. 2023a. Genesis 1–11. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar

Gertz, Jan Christian. 2023b. “Wie Jakob zu seinem Großvater gekommen ist: Anmerkungen zur Komposition der nicht-priesterschriftlichen Erzelternerzählung.” In Studien zum Buch Genesis. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 175, 305–29. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Gertz, Jan Christian. In press. “Priestly Source.” In The Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception, Vol. 25. Berlin: de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar

Golub, Mitka R., and Peter Zilberg. 2018. “From Jerusalem to Āl-Yāhūdu: Judean Onomastic Trends from the Beginning of the Babylonian Diaspora.” Journal of Ancient Judaism 9 (3): 312–24. https://doi.org/10.13109/jaju.2018.9.3.312.Suche in Google Scholar

Groß, Melanie. 2014. “Ḫarrān als kulturelles Zentrum in der altorientalischen Geschichte.” In Kulturelle Schnittstelle: Mesopotamien, Anatolien, Kurdistan – Geschichte. Sprachen. Gegenwart, edited by Lea Müller-Funk, Stephen Procházka, Gebhard Selz, and Anna Telič, 139–54. Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien.Suche in Google Scholar

Guillaume, Philippe. 2009. Land and Calendar: The Priestly Document from Genesis 1 to Joshua 18. Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 391. London: T&T Clark.Suche in Google Scholar

Hamori, Esther J. 2011. “Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story.” JBL 130 (4): 625–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/23488271.Suche in Google Scholar

Hätinen, Aino. 2021. The Moon God Sîn in Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Times. dubsar 20. Münster: Zaphon.10.2307/jj.18654660Suche in Google Scholar

Horowitz, Wayne, Takayoshi Oshima, and Seth L. Sanders, eds. 2018. Cuneiform in Canaan: The Next Generation, 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Hurowitz, Victor A. 2006. “Babylon in Bethel: New Light on Jacob’s Dream.” In Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible, edited by Steven W. Holloway, 436–48. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix.Suche in Google Scholar

Hutzli, Jürg. 2023. The Origins of P: Literary Profiles and Strata of the Priestly Texts in Genesis 1 – Exodus 40. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 164. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Itach, Gilad. 2022. “The Assyrian Interests in the Western Part of the Province of Samaria: A Case Study from Khallat es-Siḥrij and Its Vicinity.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11 (Suppl): 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0014.Suche in Google Scholar

Keel, Othmar. 1998. Goddesses and Trees, New Moon and Yahweh: Ancient Near Eastern Art and the Bible. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 261. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic.Suche in Google Scholar

Keel, Othmar. 2013. Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina/Israel: Von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit, Vol. 4: Von Tel Gamma bis Chirbet Husche. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica 33. Fribourg: Academic Press Fribourg / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Suche in Google Scholar

Keel, Othmar, and Christoph Uehlinger. 2010. Göttinnen, Götter und Gottessymbole: Neue Erkenntnisse zur Religionsgeschichte Kanaans und Israels aufgrund bislang unerschlossener ikonographischer Quellen, 6th ed. Quaestiones disputatae 134. Freiburg: Herder.Suche in Google Scholar

Knauf, E. Axel. 2002. “Towards an Archaeology of the Hexateuch.” In Abschied vom Jahwisten: Die Komposition des Hexateuch in der jüngsten Diskussion, edited by Jan Christian Gertz, Konrad Schmid, and Markus Witte. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 315, 275–94. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110886887.275Suche in Google Scholar

Knauf, E. Axel. 2006. “Bethel: The Israelite Impact on Judean Language and Literature.” In Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, edited by Oded Lipschits, and Manfred Oeming, 291–349. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575065618-015Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Christoph. 2018a. Gottes himmlische Wohnstatt: Transformationen im Verhältnis von Gott und Himmel in tempeltheologischen Entwürfen des Alten Testaments in der Exilszeit. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 119. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Ido. 2018b. “Introductory Framework for Assyrian-Levantine Colonial Encounters.” Semitica 60: 367–96.Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Ido. 2021. Colonial Encounters in Southwest Canaan during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. CHANE 119. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004432833Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Ido. 2022. “A Framework for the Study of Deportations to and from the Southern Levant during the Age of the Mesopotamian Empires.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11 (Suppl): 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0011.Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Ido. 2023. “Deities, Ostriches, and Asterisms in the Desert Sky of the Southern Levant.” In „Trinkt von dem Wein, den ich mischte!”/“Drink of the wine which I have mingled!”: Festschrift für Sylvia Schorer zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Stephan Münger, Nancy Rahn, and Patrick Wyssmann. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 303, 387–04. Fribourg/Göttingen.10.2307/jj.13524424.21Suche in Google Scholar

Koch, Ido. 2024. “A New Look at Late Iron Age Stamp Seals from Judah.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 13 (1): 6–32. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2024-0003.Suche in Google Scholar

Kratz, Reinhard Gregor. 2005. The Composition of the Narrative Books of the Old Testament. Translated by John Bowden. London: T&T Clark.Suche in Google Scholar

Levin, Yigal. 2022. “Memories of the Assyrian Exile in Persian-Period Yehud: A View from Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11 (Suppl): 224–38. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0019.Suche in Google Scholar

Lipschits, Oded. 2017. “Bethel Revisited.” In Rethinking Israel: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Ancient Israel in Honor of Israel Finkelstein, edited by Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, and Matthew J. Adams, 233–46. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar

Lipschits, Oded, Thomas Römer, and Hervé Gonzalez. 2017. “The Pre-priestly Abraham Narratives from Monarchic to Persian Times.” Semitica 59: 261–9.Suche in Google Scholar

Marti, Lionel. Forthcoming. From Ur to Harran: History of Origins or Late Rewriting? In The Historical Location of P: Language, Geography and Material Culture, Hebrew Bible and Archaeology, edited by Jürg Hutzli, and Jordan Davis. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Matthews, Roger. 2000. “Ur.” In Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, edited by Piotr Bienkowski, and Alan Millard, 309–11. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Mayer, Walter. 1998. “Nabonids Herkunft.” In Dubsar anta-men: Studien zur Altorientalistik – Festschrift für Willem H. Ph. Römer zur Vollendung seines 70. Lebensjahres mit Beiträgen von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen, edited by Manfried Dietrich, and Oswald Loretz. AOAT 253, 245–61. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Meek, Theophile. 1929. “Aaronites and Zadokites.” American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 45 (3): 149–66. https://doi.org/10.1086/370226.Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav. 1993. “Population Changes in Palestine Following Assyrian Deportations.” Tel Aviv 20 (1): 104–24. https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.1993.1993.1.104.Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav. 2009. “Was Dor the Capital of an Assyrian Province?” Tel Aviv 36 (1): 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1179/204047809x439479.Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav. 2010. “Does Archaeology Really Deserve the Status of a “High Court” in Biblical and Historical Research?” In Between Evidence and Ideology: Essays on the History of Ancient Israel Read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap, Lincoln, July 2009, edited by Bob Becking, and Lester L. Grabbe. Oudtestamentische Studiën/Old Testament Studies 59, 165–83. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/ej.9789004187375.i-234.57Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav. 2014. “The Jacob Story and the Formation of Biblical Israel.” Tel Aviv 41 (1): 95–125. https://doi.org/10.1179/0334435514z.00000000032.Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav. 2016. Locating the Sites of Assyrian Deportees in Israel and Southern Palestine in Light of the Textual and Archaeological Evidence. In The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire, edited by John MacGinnis, Dirk Wicke, and Tina Greenfield. McDonald Institute Monographs, 275–82 Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Suche in Google Scholar

Na’aman, Nadav, and Ran Zadok. 2000. “Assyrian Deportations to the Province of Samerina in the Light of Two Cuneiform Tablets from Tel Hadid.” Tel Aviv 27 (2): 159–88. https://doi.org/10.1179/033443500788146086.Suche in Google Scholar

Niemann, Hermann Michael. 2007. Grabbe. Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies, 421, edited by L. Lester, 184–207. London: Bloomsbury.Suche in Google Scholar

North, Francis Sparling. 1954. “Aaron’s Rise in Prestige.” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 66: 191–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/zatw.1954.66.1.191.Suche in Google Scholar

Oded, Bustenay. 1979. Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Suche in Google Scholar

Otto, Eckart. 2001. “Jakob I: Altes Testament.” In Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. 4th ed., Vol. 4, 352–4. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Pearce, Laurie E. 2015. “Identifying Judeans and Judean Identity in the Babylonian Evidence.” In Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context, edited by Jonathan Stökl, and Caroline Waerzeggers. BZAW 478, 7–32. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110419283-002Suche in Google Scholar

Ponchia, Simonetta. 2003. “Review of Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul (Studien zu den Assur-Texten 2) by V. Donbaz and S. Parpola.” Orientalia 72 (2): 274–82.Suche in Google Scholar

Radner, Karen. 2002. Die neuassyrischen Texte aus Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad, Dūr-Katlimmu VI/2. Berlin: Reimer.Suche in Google Scholar

Radner, Karen. 2017. “Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period.” In A Companion to Assyria, edited by Eckart Frahm. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, edited by Eckart Frahm, 209–28. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118325216.ch9Suche in Google Scholar

Radner, Karen. 2019. “The “Lost Tribes of Israel” in the Context of the Resettlement Programme of the Assyrian Empire.” In The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel, edited by Shuichi Hasegawa, Christoph Levin, and Karen Radner. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 511, 101–23. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110566604-006Suche in Google Scholar

Reisner, George Andrew. 1924. Archaeological Material (1909–1910). In Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1908–1910, Vol. 1: Text, edited by George Andrew Reisner, Clarence Stanley Fisher, and David Gordon Lyon, 225–387. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.1163/9789004385504_013Suche in Google Scholar

Rice, John Will. 2024. “The Place and the Stone: Reassessing the Priestly Writing’s Relationship to Bethel.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 49: 35–54, https://doi.org/10.1177/03090892241235196.Suche in Google Scholar

RIMA 2 = Grayson, Kirk, A. 1991. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.10.3138/9781442671089Suche in Google Scholar

RINAP 1 = Tadmor, Haim and Shigeo Yamada. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575066578Suche in Google Scholar

RINAP 2 = Frame, Grant. 2021. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC). Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 2. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.10.1515/9781646021499Suche in Google Scholar

RINAP 4 = Leichty, Erle. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC). Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575066462Suche in Google Scholar

RINAP 5/1 = Novotny, Jamie and Joshua Jeffers. 2018. The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etal-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sîn-ŝarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 5/1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar

RINBE 2 = Weiershäuser, Frauke and Jamie Novotny. 2020. The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561–560 BC), Neriglissar (559–556 BC), and Nabonidus (555–539 BC), Kings of Babylon. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 2. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.10.1515/9781646021178Suche in Google Scholar

Rofé, Alexander. 1999. Introduction to the Composition of the Pentateuch. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic.Suche in Google Scholar

Römer, Thomas C. 2023. Genèse 11,27–25,18: l’histoire d’Abraham, Commentaire de l’Ancien Testament 1. Geneva: Labor et Fides.Suche in Google Scholar

SAA 15 = Fuchs, Andreas and Simo Parpola. 2001. The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part III: Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces. SAA 15. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Sano, Katsuji. 2020. Die Deportationspraxis in neuassyrischer Zeit. AOAT 46. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar

Schmid, Konrad. 2010. Genesis and the Moses Story: Israel’s Dual Origins in the Hebrew Bible, Siphrut 3. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575066035Suche in Google Scholar

Schmid, Konrad. 2017 “Von Jakob zu Israel: Das antike Israel auf dem Weg zum Judentum im Spiegel der Fortschreibungsgeschichte der Jakobüberlieferungen der Genesis.” In Identität und Schrift: Fortschreibungsprozesse als Mittel religiöser Identitätsbildung, edited by Marianne Grohmann. Biblisch-Theologische Studien 169, 33–67. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.13109/9783788731977.33Suche in Google Scholar

Sigrist, R. Marcel. 1982. “Une tablette cunéiforme de Tell Keisan.” Israel Exploration Journal 32 (1): 32–5.Suche in Google Scholar

Summers, Geoffry D. 2000. Harran. In Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, edited by Piotr Bienkowski, and Alan Millard. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Tadmor, Haim. 1971. “Fragments of an Assyrian Stele of Sargon II.” In Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations, 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967, Vol. 2, edited by Moshe Dothan. ‘Atiqot 9–10, 192–7. Jerusalem: Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums.Suche in Google Scholar

Tröndle, Kristin. 2023. Jakob, der ambivalente Ahnherr Israels: Die Jakoberzählung auf dem Weg von der Volks- zur Völkergeschichte, Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 287. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666560866Suche in Google Scholar

Uehlinger, Christoph. 2005. “Was There a Cult Reform under King Josiah? The Case for a Well-Grounded Minimum.” In Good Kings and Bad Kings: The Kingdom of Judah in the Seventh Century BCE. European Seminar in Historical Methodology 5. Library of Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Studies 393, 279–316. London: T&T Clark.Suche in Google Scholar

Ur, Jason. 2017. “Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Assyria.” In A Companion to Assyria, edited by Eckart Frahm. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, 13–35. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118325216.ch1Suche in Google Scholar

van der Toorn, Karel. 1999. “Laban.” In Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. 2nd, edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, 498–9. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Seters, John. 1975. Abraham in History and Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Wellhausen, Julius. 1905. Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels, 6th ed. Berlin: Reimer.10.1515/9783111517971Suche in Google Scholar

Westermann, Claus. 1985. Genesis 12–36: A Commentary. Translated by John J. Scullion. Minneapolis: Fortress.Suche in Google Scholar

Wöhrle, Jakob. 2012. Fremdlinge im eigenen Land: Zur Entstehung und Intention der priesterlichen Passagen der Vätergeschichte, Forschungen zur Literatur und Religion des Alten und Neuen Testaments 246. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666535468Suche in Google Scholar

Wöhrle, Jakob. 2021. Jacob from Israel and Jacob from Judah: Reflections on the Formation and the Historical Backgrounds of the Jacob Story. In The History of the Jacob Cycle (Genesis 25–35): Recent Research on the Compilation, the Redaction, and the Reception of the Biblical Narrative and Its Historical and Cultural Contexts, edited by Benedikt Hensel. Bible and Archaeology 4, 135–53. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Suche in Google Scholar

Zadok, Ran. 2002. The Earliest Diaspora: Israelites and Judeans in Pre-Hellenistic Mesopotamia. Publications of the Diaspora Research Institute 151. Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, Tel Aviv University.Suche in Google Scholar

Zadok, Ran. 2015. “Israelites and Judaeans in the Neo-Assyrian Documentation (732–602 B.C.E.): An Overview of the Sources and a Socio-historical Assessment.” BASOR 374: 159–89. https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.374.0159.Suche in Google Scholar

Zadok, Ran. 2016. Cuneiform Inscription. In Beer-Sheba III: The Early Iron IIA Enclosed Settlement and the Late Iron IIA-Iron IIB Cities, Vol. 3: Artifacts, Ecofacts and Concluding Studies, edited by Ze’ev Herzog, and Lily Singer-Avitz. Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 33, 1043–4. Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.Suche in Google Scholar

Zadok, Ran. 2022. “Issues of the Deportations of the Israelites-Judeans and Their Aftermath.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 11 (Suppl): 113–47. https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2022-0015.Suche in Google Scholar

Zilberg, Peter. 2015. “A New Edition of the Tel Keisan Cuneiform Tablet.” Israel Exploration Journal 65 (1): 90–5.Suche in Google Scholar

Zilberg, Peter. 2018. The Assyrian Provinces of the Southern Levant: Sources, Administration, and Control. In The Southern Levant under Assyrian Domination, edited by Shawn Zelig Aster, and Avraham Faust, 56–88 University Park: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar

Zimmern, Heinrich. 1903. Religion und Sprache. In Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 3rd ed., Eberhard Schrader, Hugo Winckler, and Heinrich Zimmern, 343–654 Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.Suche in Google Scholar

Zorn, Jeffrey R. 2003. “Tell en-Naṣbeh and the Problem of the Material Culture of the Sixth Century.” In Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, edited by Oded Lipschits, and Joseph Blenkinsopp, 413–47. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575065403-018Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-06-06
Accepted: 2025-02-17
Published Online: 2025-04-08
Published in Print: 2025-11-25

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 23.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/janeh-2024-0010/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen