Abstract
Scholars have long debated the nature of the Roman frontier. From linear defense systems designed to hold back barbarian tides to arteries of communication and exchange, rivers have been at the forefront of this discussion. This paper focuses on the Lower Danube frontier and argues that Rome’s most enduring enemy in the Balkans was not a barbarian tribe, but the river itself. The Danube frequently froze in wintertime facilitating the passage of massive raiding parties. Indeed, the most devastating attacks recorded by ancient observers took place during the dead of winter, when the ice on the Danube was hard enough to allow the crossing of large number of horsemen. These attacks set in motion events and long-term processes that forever changed the cultural fabric of the region. Unable to contain the threat, early Roman emperors led campaigns north of the Danube and ultimately conquered Dacia, which allowed them to control both sides of the river. In Late Antiquity, Constantine and Justinian dramatically altered the cultural landscape with their massive programs of fortification designed to finally secure the Balkan provinces. Centuries after the fall of Rome, Byzantine emperors still relied on a combination of brute force, consolidation and diplomacy in order to prevent winter attacks. In the end, all attempts at devising a permanent solution failed and the frozen Danube remained a barbarian ally slowly eroding the empire’s control in the Balkans.
Acknowledgements
This project was sponsored by the Humanities Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, which funded two research trips to the John Miller Burnam Classics Library, University of Cincinnati.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Old Babylonian Letters and Class Formation: tropes of sympathy and social proximity
- The Introduction of Coinage in Southern Italy: Sybaris and Metapontium
- Dynastic Genealogies and Funerary Monuments: Nectanebo, Alexander, and Judas Maccabee and the Evidence of Ptolemaic Influence on the Hasmoneans
- Roman Economic History from Coins and Papyri: Monetary Value, Trust and Crisis
- Fighting against nature: Romans and Barbarians on the Icy Danube
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Old Babylonian Letters and Class Formation: tropes of sympathy and social proximity
- The Introduction of Coinage in Southern Italy: Sybaris and Metapontium
- Dynastic Genealogies and Funerary Monuments: Nectanebo, Alexander, and Judas Maccabee and the Evidence of Ptolemaic Influence on the Hasmoneans
- Roman Economic History from Coins and Papyri: Monetary Value, Trust and Crisis
- Fighting against nature: Romans and Barbarians on the Icy Danube