Fighting against nature: Romans and Barbarians on the Icy Danube

Bibliography

Ardeleanu, C. The European Commission of the Danube, 1856–1948. Leiden: Brill, 2020.10.1163/9789004425965Search in Google Scholar

Auhagen, U. “Rhetoric and Ovid.” In A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, edited by W. Dominik and J. Hall, 413–424. Malden: Blackwell, 2007. 10.1002/9780470996485.ch30Search in Google Scholar

Băjenaru, C. Minor Fortifications in the Balkan-Danubian Area from Diocletian to Justinian. Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Barbu, V. “Dobrogea în vremea lui Gallienus.” Pontica 11 (1978): 143–150.Search in Google Scholar

Bârcă, V. “Nomads of the steppes on the Danube frontier of the Roman Empire in the 1^st century CE. Historical sketch and chronological remarks.” Dacia 57 (2013): 99–125.Search in Google Scholar

Barnea, I. “Themistios despre Scythia Minor.” Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche 18 (1967): 563–574.Search in Google Scholar

Barnea, I. “Le Danube, voie de communication byzantine.” In Η επικοινωνία στο Βυζάντιο, edited by N. Moschonas, 577–595, Athens: Kentro Vyzantinon Ereunon, 1993. Search in Google Scholar

Batty, R. “On Getic and Sarmatian shores: Ovid's account of the Danube lands.” Hist. 43 (1994): 88–111.Search in Google Scholar

Biernacka-Lubańska, M. The Roman and Early Byzantine Fortifications of Lower Moesia and Northern Thrace. Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1982.Search in Google Scholar

Bleckmann, B. “Constantin und die Donaubarbaren. Ideologische Auseinandersetzungen um die Sieghaftigkeit Constantins.” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 38 (1995): 38–66.Search in Google Scholar

Bóna, I. Das Hunnenreich. Budapest: Theiss, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Boteva, D. “On the chronology of the Gothic invasions under Philippus and Decius (AD 248–251).” Archaeologia Bulgarica 5 (2001): 37–44.Search in Google Scholar

Bounegru, O. and M. Zahariade. Les forces navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux Ier VIe siècles. Oxford: Oxbow, 1996Search in Google Scholar

Brezeanu, S. “The Lower Danube frontier during the 4th-7th centuries. A notion’s ambiguity.” Annuario Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica 5 (2003): 19–46.Search in Google Scholar

den Boeft, J., et al. Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXVII. Leiden: Brill, 2009.10.1163/ej.9789004180376.i-350Search in Google Scholar

Büntgen, U., et al. “2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility.” Science 331 (2011): 578–582.10.1126/science.1197175Search in Google Scholar

Büntgen, U., et al. “Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD.” Nature Geoscience 9 (2016): 231–237.10.1038/ngeo2652Search in Google Scholar

Büntgen, U., et al. “Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability.” Nature Geoscience 14 (2021): 190–196.10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, B. Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Casevitz, M. and M. Jost. Pausanias, Description de la Grèce. Tome VIII: Livre VIII, L’Arcadie, Paris: Belles Lettres, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Christie, N. “From the Danube to the Po: the defence of Pannonia and Italy in the fourth and fifth centuries AD.” In The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond, edited by A. Poulter, 547–578. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2007.10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0020Search in Google Scholar

Chrysos, E. “Die Nordgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches im 6. bis 8. Jahrhundert.” In Die Völker Südosteuropas im 6. bis 8. Jahrhundert, edited by B. Hänsel, 27–40. Munich: Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1987.Search in Google Scholar

Claassen, J.-M. “Ovid’s poems from exile: the creation of a myth and the triumph of poetry.” Antike und Abendland 34 (1988): 158–169.10.1515/anab-1988-0113Search in Google Scholar

Claassen, J.-M. Ovid Revisited. London: Bloomsbury, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Coulston, J. “Trajan’s Column: the sculpting and relief content of a Roman propaganda monument.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Curta, F. The Making of the Slavs. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2001.10.1017/CBO9780511496295Search in Google Scholar

Curta, F. “Quaestura exercitus: the evidence of seals.” Acta Byzantina Fennica 1 (2002): 9–26.Search in Google Scholar

Curta, F. “The image and archaeology of the Pechenegs.” Stratum Plus (2013) 5: 203–234.Search in Google Scholar

Dan, A. “Between the Euxine and the Adriatic Seas: ancient representations of the Ister (Danube River) and the Haemus (Balkan Mountains) as frames of modern south-eastern Europe.” In The Danubian Lands between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas (7th Century BC – 10th Century AD), edited by G. Tsetskhladze, A. Avram and J. Hargrave, 131–150. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015. 10.2307/j.ctvr43k44.25Search in Google Scholar

Dehon, P.-J. “La Libye et la Scythie virgiliennes ou l’exotisme au service d’une idéologie.” Ant. Class. 64 (1995): 75–90.10.3406/antiq.1995.1217Search in Google Scholar

Dimitrov, K. “Novae and the barbaric incursions in 238–251.” Orpheus 15 (2005): 79–98.Search in Google Scholar

Dinchev, V. “The fortresses of Thrace and Dacia in the early Byzantine period.” In The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Danube and Beyond, edited by A. Poulter, 479–546. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2007. 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0019Search in Google Scholar

Dumitrașcu, S. “Regele Pieporus și acțiunea costobocă din sec. II e.n. Un istoric al problemei.” Sargetia 20 (1986–1987): 106–110.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, H. “Winter and warfare in Ovid’s Tomis: ("Tristia" 3.10).” CJ 70 (1975): 1–9.Search in Google Scholar

Finné, M., et al. “Holocene hydro-climatic variability in the Mediterranean: a synthetic multi-proxy reconstruction.” The Holocene 29 (2019): 847–863.10.1177/0959683619826634Search in Google Scholar

Flower, H. The Art of Forgetting. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Froehner, W. La Colonne Trajane. Paris: Typ. C. de Mourges frères, 1865.Search in Google Scholar

Gaertner, J. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto, Book I. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2005.10.1093/actrade/9780199277216.book.1Search in Google Scholar

Gandila, A. Cultural Encounters on Byzantium’s Northern Frontier, c. AD 500-700. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2018.10.1017/9781108470421Search in Google Scholar

Gandila, A. “Free market, black market or no market? Money and annona in the northeastern Balkans (6th–7th c.).” Journal of Late Antiquity 14 (2021): 294–334.10.1353/jla.2021.0028Search in Google Scholar

Gerov, B. “Die Einfälle der Nordvölker in den Ostbalkanraum im Lichte der Münzschatzfunde I. Das II. und III. Jahrhundert (101–284).” ANRW II/6 (1977): 110–181.10.1515/9783110852882-005Search in Google Scholar

Gerov, B. Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Provinzen Moesien und Thrakien. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1980.Search in Google Scholar

Gkoutzioukostas, A. and X. Moniaros Η περιφερειακή διοικητική αναδιοργάνωση της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκράτορίας από τον Ιουστινιανό Α (527–565). Thessaloniki: Banias, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Goda, L. “The fords of the Danube.” In Hydrological Processes of the Danube River Basin, edited by M. Brilly, 343–366. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. 10.1007/978-90-481-3423-6_11Search in Google Scholar

Gračanin, H. and J. Škrgulja. “The Gepids and Southern Pannonia in the age of Justinian I.” In Kollaps – Neuordnung – Kontinuität, edited by T. Vida, et al., 185–274. Budapest: Ungarische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2019. Search in Google Scholar

Greatrex, G. “Procopius and Agathias on the defences of the Thracian Chersonese.” In Constantinople and Its Hinterland, edited by C. Mango and G. Dagron, 125–129. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995. Search in Google Scholar

Gudea, N. “Die Nordgrenze der Provinz Moesia Superior in der Zeit des Bestehens Dakiens (106–275 n. Chr).” Acta Musei Napocensis 33 (1996): 49–88.Search in Google Scholar

Harper, K. and M. McCormick. “Reconstructing the Roman climate.” In The Science of Roman History, edited by W. Scheidel, 11–52. Princeton: Princeton U. P., 2018. 10.2307/j.ctvc772w1.8Search in Google Scholar

Heather, P. and J. Matthews. The Goths in the Fourth Century. Liverpool: Liverpool U. P., 1991.10.3828/978-0-85323-426-5Search in Google Scholar

Heckster, O. Emperors and Ancestors. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2015.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736820.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Herescu, N. “Ovide, le Getique.” In Atti del Convegno Internazionale Ovidiano, vol. 2, 55–80. Rome: Istituto di Studi Romani, 1959.Search in Google Scholar

Himmler, F. Untersuchungen zur schiffsgestützten Grenzsicherung auf der spätantiken Donau (3.–6. Jh. n. Chr.). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011.10.30861/9781407307534Search in Google Scholar

Hornstein, F. “‘Iστρος αμαξευόμενος’. Zur Geschichte eines literarischen Topos.” Gymnasium 64 (1957): 154–161.Search in Google Scholar

Ivanov, R. Dolnodunavskata otbranitelna sistema mezhdu Dortikum i Durostorum ot Avgust do Mavrikii. Sofia: Alea, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, P. and M. Mann. “Climate over past millennia.” Review of Geophysics 42 (2004): 1–42.10.1029/2003RG000143Search in Google Scholar

Kagan, K. “Redefining Roman grand strategy.” Journal of Military History 70 (2006): 333–362.10.1353/jmh.2006.0104Search in Google Scholar

Kaldellis, A. The Wars of Justinian. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Kislinger, E. “Ein Angriff zu viel.” Byz. Zeitschr. 91 (1998): 49–58.10.1515/byzs.1998.91.1.49Search in Google Scholar

Kozlov, S. “More than enemies. The description of nomads in the Byzantine literature of the epoch of the first Pecheneg incursions into Byzantium.” In Rules and Violence / Regeln und Gewalt, edited by C. Dietl and T. Knäpper, 83–99. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014. 10.1515/9783110364613.83Search in Google Scholar

Laszloffy, M. “Régime des glaces des rivières.” La Houille Blanche 34 (1948): 469–491.10.1051/lhb/1948058Search in Google Scholar

Lenski, N. Failure of Empire. Berkeley: University of California, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Lepper, F. and S. Frere. Trajan’s Column. Wolfboro: Alan Sutton, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Lica, V. The Coming of Rome in the Dacian World. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Madgearu, A. “The province of Scythia and the Avaro-Slavic invasions (576–626).” Balkan Studies 37 (1996): 35–61.Search in Google Scholar

Madgearu, A. “Dunărea în epoca bizantină (secolele X–XII): o frontieră permeabilă.” Revista Istorică 10 (1999): 41–55.Search in Google Scholar

Madgearu, A. “The 6th century Lower Danubian bridgeheads: location and mission.” Ephemeris Napocensis 13 (2003): 295–314.Search in Google Scholar

Madgearu, A. Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2013.10.1163/9789004252493Search in Google Scholar

Madgearu, A. “A comparison between two migrations in the Byzantine Empire: the Goths and the Pechenegs.” Plural 3 (2015): 17–26.10.37710/plural.v3i2_2Search in Google Scholar

Maenchen-Helfen, O. The World of the Huns. Berkeley: University of California, 1973.10.1525/9780520310773Search in Google Scholar

Marinow, K. “Zadania floty cesarskiej w wojnach bizantyńsko-bułgarskich (VII–XI w.).” In Byzantina Europaea, edited by M. Kokoszko and M. Leszka, 381–392. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, R. “Virgile et la «Scythie» (Géorgiques, III, 349–383).” Rev. Ét. Lat. 44 (1966): 286–304.Search in Google Scholar

Maskarinec, M. “Clinging to empire in Jordanes’ Romana.” In Historiography and Identity II, edited by G. Heidemann and H. Reimitz, 71–83. Turnhout: Brepols, 2020.10.1484/M.CELAMA-EB.5.118561Search in Google Scholar

Matei-Popescu, F. The Roman Army in Moesia Inferior. Bucharest: Conphys, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Matei-Popescu, F. “Ovid at Tomis: the early history of the left Pontus under the Roman rule.” Civiltà Romana 4 (2017): 17–25.Search in Google Scholar

McCormick, M., et al. “Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43 (2012): 169–220.10.1162/JINH_a_00379Search in Google Scholar

McGowan, M. Ovid in Exile. Leiden: Brill, 2009.10.1163/ej.9789004170766.i-262Search in Google Scholar

Meško, M. “K veľkosti pečenežských zoskupení (hôrd) na Balkáne v druhej polovici 11. Storočia.” In Byzantinoslovaca IV, edited by M. Hurbanič and V. Zervan, 17–27. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Mihajlović, V. “Imagining the Ister/Danube in ancient thought and practice: river, the Scordisci, and creation of Roman imperialistic space.” Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 13 (2018): 747–780.10.21301/eap.v13i3.10Search in Google Scholar

Mirković, M. “Deserted forts – the Moesian limes after the conquest of Dacia.” In Limes XVIII, edited by P. Freeman, et al., 757–764. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2002. Search in Google Scholar

Oța, S. and V. Sîrbu. “Aproape de limes – sarmații din Muntenia, Moldova, Crișana și Banat.” Istros 22 (2016): 205–255.Search in Google Scholar

Parón, A. “How to deal with the steppe fauna? Considerations on the Byzantine perception of nomads and on the Byzantine policy towards them (10^th–12^th centuries).” In Studia Mediaevalia Europaea et Orientalia, edited by G. Bilavschi and D. Aparaschivei, 217–238. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Parón, A. “Unwanted refugees: newcomers from the steppes in the Byzantine Balkans (11^th–12^th century).” Arheologia Moldovei 43 (2020): 63–81.Search in Google Scholar

Patoura, S. “Une nouvelle considération sur la politique de Justinien envers les peuples du Danube.” Byzantinoslavica 58 (1996): 78–86.Search in Google Scholar

Paunov, E. “Konstantinoviiat most na Dunava pri Escus – Sukidava izobrazen na bronzov medal’on.” Reverse 1 (2016): 28–33.Search in Google Scholar

Petolescu, C. “La victoire de Trajan en Mésie Inférieure.” Thraco-Dacica 16 (1995): 223–226.Search in Google Scholar

Petolescu, C. Dacia. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Pippidi, D. “În legătură cu iarna ‘scitică’.” Studii Clasice 10 (1968): 233–237. Search in Google Scholar

Podossinov, A. Ovids Dichtung als Quelle fur die Geschichte des Schwarzmeergebiets. Konstanz: Universitatsverlag, 1987. Search in Google Scholar

Popescu, E. “Epigraphische Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Tropaeum Traiani.” Studii Clasice 6 (1964): 185–203.Search in Google Scholar

Radice, B. “Pliny and the 'Panegyricus'.” G&R 15 (1968): 166–172.10.1017/S0017383500017514Search in Google Scholar

Rankov, B. “Do rivers make good frontiers?” in Limes XIX, edited by Z. Visy, 175–181. Pécs: University of Pécs, 2005. Search in Google Scholar

Reinach, S. La Colonne Trajane au Musée de Saint-Germain. Paris: E. Leroux, 1886.Search in Google Scholar

Rich, J., editor. Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53–55.9). Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1990.10.2307/j.ctv10tq4w9Search in Google Scholar

Richmond, J. “The latter days of a love poet: Ovid in exile.” Classics Ireland 2 (1995): 97–120.10.2307/25528282Search in Google Scholar

Richter, D. Das römische Heer auf der Trajanssäule. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Rossetti, C. and F. Rey. La Commission Européenne du Danube et son œuvre de 1856 à 1931. Paris: Impr. Nationale, 1931.Search in Google Scholar

Sarantis, A. “Eastern Roman management of barbarian states in the Lower-Middle Danube frontier zones, AD 332–610.” In Forschungen zu Spätantike und Mittelalter 4, edited by I. Bugarski, et al., 41–65. Remshalden: Bernhard Albert Greiner, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Sarantis, A. Justinian’s Balkan Wars. Prenton: Francis Cairns, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Sarnowski, T. “Die Anfänge der spätrömischen Militärorganisation der unteren Donaurames.” In Akten des 14. Internationalen Limeskongresses 1986 in Carnuntum, edited by H. Vetters and M. Kandler, 855–861. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990. Search in Google Scholar

Schmitt, O. “Die Petschenegen auf dem Balkan von 1046 bis 1072.“ In Pontos Euxeinos, edited by S. Conrad and R. Einicke, 473–490. Langenweißbach: Beier & Beran, 2006. Search in Google Scholar

Scorpan, C. Limes Scythiae. Oxford: B. A.R., 1980.Search in Google Scholar

Shepard, J. “A suspected source of Scylitzes’ Synopsis Historion: the great Catacalon Cecaumenus.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 16 (1992): 171–181.10.1017/S030701310000759XSearch in Google Scholar

Sommer, C. “Why there? The positioning of forts along the riverine frontiers of the Roman Empire.” In The Army and Frontiers of Rome, edited by W. Hanson, 103–114. Portsmouth: JRA, 2009. Search in Google Scholar

Stančíková, A. “Thermal and ice regimes of the Danube river and its tributaries.” In Hydrological Processes of the Danube River Basin, edited by M. Brilly, 259–291. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.10.1007/978-90-481-3423-6_8Search in Google Scholar

Strobel, K. Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Bonn: R. Habelt, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

Suceveanu, A. and A. Barnea. La Dobroudja romaine. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Syme, R. Historia Augusta Papers. Oxford: Clarendon, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

Syrbe, D. “Reiternomaden des Schwarzmeerraums (Kutriguren und Utiguren) und byzantinische Diplomatie in 6. Jahrhundert.” Acta Orientalia 65 (2012): 291–316.10.1556/AOrient.65.2012.3.4Search in Google Scholar

Telelis, I. and E. Chrysos. “The Byzantine sources as documentary evidence for the reconstruction of historical climate.” In European Climate Reconstructed from Documentary Data, edited by B. Frenzel, 17–31. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1992. Search in Google Scholar

Țentea, O. “About the Roman frontier on the Lower Danube under Trajan.” In Moesica et Christiana, edited by A. Panaite, R. Cîrjan and C. Căpiţă, 85–93. Brăila: Istros, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Teodor, E. “Epoca romană târzie și cronologia atacurilor transdanubiene. Analiza componentelor etnice și geografice (partea întâi, de la 469 la 565).” Muzeul Național 14 (2002): 3–35.Search in Google Scholar

Teodor, E. “Epoca romană târzie și cronologia atacurilor transdanubiene. Analiza componentelor etnice și geografice (partea a doua, de la 565 la 626).” Muzeul Național 15 (2003): 3–36.Search in Google Scholar

Torbatov, S. “Quaestura exercitus: Moesia Secunda and Scythia under Justinian.” Archaeologia Bulgarica 1 (1997): 78–87.Search in Google Scholar

Tudor, D. Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube. Bucharest: Editura Academiei RSR, 1974.Search in Google Scholar

Varbanov, V. “Barbarian invasions in the Roman provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace in the mid- third century and the coin hoards from that period.” In The Lower Danube Roman Limes (1st-6th c. AD), edited by L. Vagalinski, N. Sharankov and S. Torbatov, 289–309. Sofia: National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, 2012. Search in Google Scholar

Vioque, G. Martial, Book VII. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Vladimirova-Aladjova, D. “Provintsiite Krajbrezhna Dakiia i Miziia Vtora v svetlinata na monetnite nakhodki ot V v.” Numizmatika i Epigrafika 1 (2003): 83–93.Search in Google Scholar

Vulpe, R. Columna lui Traian. Bucharest: Editura Sport-Turism, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Wheeler, E. “Methodological limits and the mirage of Roman strategy: part 1.” Journal of Military History 57 (1993): 7–41.10.2307/2944221Search in Google Scholar

Wheeler, E. “Rome’s Dacian Wars: Domitian, Trajan, and Strategy on the Danube, Part I.” Journal of Military History 74 (2010): 1185–1227. Search in Google Scholar

Wheeler, E. “Rome’s Dacian Wars: Domitian, Trajan, and Strategy on the Danube, Part II.” Journal of Military History 75 (2011): 191–219. Search in Google Scholar

Whitby, M. The Emperor Maurice and His Historian. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. “The Roman Danube: an archaeological survey.” JRS 95 (2005): 124–225.10.3815/000000005784016298Search in Google Scholar

Williams, G. Banished Voices. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1994.Search in Google Scholar

Yavuz, V., N. Akçar and C. Schlüchter. “The frozen Bosphorus and its paleoclimatic implications based on a summary of the historical data.” In The Black Sea Flood Question, edited by V. Yanko-Hombach, et al., 633–649. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007. 10.1007/978-1-4020-5302-3_26Search in Google Scholar

Zahariade, M. Moesia Secunda, Scythia și Notitia Dignitatum. Bucharest: Editura Academiei RSR, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Zahariade, M. “The tetrarchic reorganization of the limes scythicus.” In The Lower Danube in Antiquity (VI c. BC – VI c. AD), edited by L. Vagalinksi, 293–304. Sofia: National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, 2006. Search in Google Scholar

Zahariade, M. and N. Gudea. The Fortifications of Lower Moesia (A.D. 86–275). Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1997.Search in Google Scholar