Abstract
This study explores the relevance and effectiveness of processing instruction in second language (L2) idiom learning by examining (1) whether structured input (SI) is more effective than non-SI, comprehension-based activities and (2) whether explicit information (EI) in addition to SI can facilitate L2 idiom learning. One hundred adult L2 English speakers were randomly assigned to one of six conditions: four groups who participated in SI activities in one of four EI conditions (i. e., no EI; EI before SI, EI during SI, or EI both before and during SI), a non-SI group, and a control group. Results from three types of tasks (translation, interpretation, and production) showed that (1) SI is more effective than comprehension-based activities in developing learners’ L2 idiom production ability and (2) EI can facilitate learners’ accurate L2 idiom translation, particularly when it is provided before the SI activities. No beneficial effect was observed from EI provided during the SI activities.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016S1A5A2A03926788).
References
Abel, Beate. 2003. English idioms in the first language and second language lexicon: A dual representation approach. Second Language Research 19. 329–358.10.1191/0267658303sr226oaSuche in Google Scholar
Andersen, Roger W. 1984. The one to one principle of interlanguage construction. Language Learning 34. 77–95.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1984.tb00353.xSuche in Google Scholar
Barcroft, Joe. 2007. Effects of opportunities for word retrieval during second language vocabulary learning. Language Learning 57. 355–356.10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00398.xSuche in Google Scholar
Barcroft, Joe. 2013. Input-based incremental vocabulary instruction for the L2 classroom. In John W. Schwieter (ed.), Innovative research and practices in second language acquisition and bilingualism, 107–138. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.38.09barSuche in Google Scholar
Benati, Alessandro. 2001. A comparative study of the effects of processing instruction and output-based instruction on the acquisition of the Italian future tense. Language Teaching Research 5. 95–127.10.1177/136216880100500202Suche in Google Scholar
Benati, Alessandro. 2004. The effects of structured input activities and explicit information on the acquisition of the Italian future tense. In Bill VanPatten (ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary, 207–225. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Bobrow, Samuel A. & Susan M. Bell. 1973. On catching on to idiomatic expressions. Memory & Cognition 1. 342–346.10.3758/BF03198118Suche in Google Scholar
Boers, Frank & Murielle Demecheleer. 2001. Measuring the impact of cross-cultural differences on learners’ comprehension of imageable idioms. ELT Journal 55. 255–262.10.1093/elt/55.3.255Suche in Google Scholar
Boers, Frank, Murielle Demecheleer & June Eyckmans. 2004. Etymological elaboration as a strategy for learning figurative idioms. In Paul Bogaards & Batia Laufer (eds.), Vocabulary in a second language: Selection, acquisition and testing, 53–78. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.10.07boeSuche in Google Scholar
Boers, Frank, June Eyckmans, Jenny Kappel, Hélène Stengers & Murielle Demecheleer. 2006. Formulaic sequences and perceived oral proficiency: Putting a lexical approach to the test. Language Teaching Research 10. 245–261.10.1191/1362168806lr195oaSuche in Google Scholar
Buck, Marilyn. 2006. The effects of processing instruction on the acquisition of English progressive aspect. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada 24. 77–95.Suche in Google Scholar
Cacciari, Cristina & Patrizia Tabossi. 1988. The comprehension of idioms. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.10.1016/0749-596X(88)90014-9Suche in Google Scholar
Cadierno, Teresa. 1995. Formal instruction from a processing perspective: An investigation into the Spanish past tense. The Modern Language Journal 79. 179–193.10.1111/j.1540-4781.1995.tb05430.xSuche in Google Scholar
Choueka, Yaacov. 1988. Looking for needles in a haystack or locating interesting collocation expressions in large textual databases. Proceedings of the RIAO, 38–43.Suche in Google Scholar
Cieślicka, Anna B. 2006. Literal salience in on-line processing of idiomatic expressions by L2 speakers. Second Language Research 22. 115–144.10.1191/0267658306sr263oaSuche in Google Scholar
Cieślicka, Anna B. 2015. Idiom acquisition and processing by second/foreign language learners. In Roberto R. Heredia & Anna B. Cieślicka (eds.), Bilingual figurative language processing, 208–244. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139342100.012Suche in Google Scholar
Cieślicka, Anna B. & Roberto R. Heredia. 2011. Hemispheric asymmetries in processing L1 and L2 idioms: Effects of salience and context. Brain and Language 116. 136–150.10.1016/j.bandl.2010.09.007Suche in Google Scholar
Colombo, Lucia. 1993. The comprehension of ambiguous idioms in context. In Cristina Cacciari & Patrizia Tabossi (eds.), Idioms: Processing, structure, and interpretation, 163–200. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Conklin, Kathy & Norbert Schmitt. 2008. Formulaic sequences: Are they processed more quickly than nonformulaic language by native and non-native speakers? Applied Linguistics 29. 72–89.10.1093/applin/amm022Suche in Google Scholar
Cooper, Thomas C. 1999. Processing of idioms by L2 learners of English. TESOL Quarterly 33(2). 233–262.10.2307/3587719Suche in Google Scholar
Cornell, Alan. 1999. Idioms: An approach to identifying major pitfalls for learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 37. 1–11.10.1515/iral.1999.37.1.1Suche in Google Scholar
DeKeyser, Robert M. 2005. What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues. Language Learning 55. 1–25.10.1111/j.0023-8333.2005.00294.xSuche in Google Scholar
Doughty, Catherine J. 2001. Cognitive underpinnings of focus on form. In Peter Robinson (ed.), Cognition and second language instruction, 206–257. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139524780.010Suche in Google Scholar
Doughty, Catherine J. & Jessica Williams (eds.). 1998. Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Ellis, Rod. 1994. The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Ellis, Rod (ed.). 2001. Form-focused instruction and second language learning. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar
Farley, Andrew P. 2001. Authentic processing instruction and the Spanish subjunctive. Hispania 84. 289–299.10.2307/3657760Suche in Google Scholar
Farley, Andrew P. 2004. Processing instruction and the Spanish subjunctive: Is explicit information needed? In Bill VanPatten (ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary, 227–239. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Fernández, Claudia. 2008. Reexamining the role of explicit information in processing instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30. 277–305.10.1017/S0272263108080467Suche in Google Scholar
Fernando, Chitra & Roger Flavell. 1981. On idiom: Critical views and perspectives (Exeter Linguistic Studies 5). Exeter, UK: University of Exeter.Suche in Google Scholar
Gass, Susan & Larry Selinker. 2001. Second language acquisition: An introductory course, 2nd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.10.4324/9781410604651Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond, Nandini P. Nayak & Cooper Cutting. 1989a. How to kick the bucket and not decompose: Analyzability and idiom processing. Journal of Memory and Language 28. 576–593.10.1016/0749-596X(89)90014-4Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. 1980. Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory & Cognition 8. 149–156.10.3758/BF03213418Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. 1992. What do idioms really mean? Journal of Memory and Language 31. 485–506.10.1016/0749-596X(92)90025-SSuche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. 1993. Why idioms are not dead metaphors. In Cristina Cacciari & Patrizia Tabossi (eds.), Idioms: Processing, structure, and interpretation, 57–77. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. 2002. A new look at literal meaning in understanding what is said and implicated. Journal of Pragmatics 34. 457–486.10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00046-7Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. & Gayle P. Gonzales. 1985. Syntactic frozenness in processing and remembering idioms. Cognition 20. 243–259.10.1016/0010-0277(85)90010-1Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W. & Nandini P. Nayak. 1989. Psycholinguistic studies on the syntactic behavior of idioms. Cognitive Psychology 21. 100–138.10.1016/0010-0285(89)90004-2Suche in Google Scholar
Gibbs, Raymond W., Nandini P. Nayak, John L. Bolton & Melissa E. Keppel. 1989b. Speakers’ assumptions about the lexical flexibility of idioms. Memory & Cognition 17. 58–68.10.3758/BF03199557Suche in Google Scholar
Grant, Lynn & Laurie Bauer. 2004. Criteria for re-defining idioms: Are we barking up the wrong tree? Applied Linguistics 25. 38–61.10.1093/applin/25.1.38Suche in Google Scholar
Henry, Nicholas, Hillah Culman & Bill VanPatten. 2009. More on the effects of explicit information in instructed SLA: A partial replication and a response to Fernández (2008). Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31. 559–575.10.1017/S0272263109990027Suche in Google Scholar
Kecskés, István & Tunde Papp. 2000. Metaphorical competence in trilingual language production. In Jasone Cenoz & Ulrike Jessner (eds.), English in Europe: The acquisition of a third language, 99–120. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Suche in Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia. 1998. The development of passive and active vocabulary in a second language: Same or different? Applied Linguistics 19. 255–271.10.1093/applin/19.2.255Suche in Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia. 2000. Avoidance of idioms in a second language: The effect of L1–L2 degree of similarity. Studia Linguistica 54. 186–196.10.1111/1467-9582.00059Suche in Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia. 2005. Focus on form in second language vocabulary. EUROSLA Yearbook 5. 223–250.10.1075/eurosla.5.11lauSuche in Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia & Zahava Goldstein. 2004. Testing vocabulary knowledge: Size, strength, and computer adaptiveness. Language Learning 54. 469–523.10.1111/j.0023-8333.2004.00260.xSuche in Google Scholar
Laufer, Batia & T. Sima Paribakht. 1998. The relationship between passive and active vocabularies: Effects of language learning context. Language Learning 48. 365–391.10.1111/0023-8333.00046Suche in Google Scholar
Lee, James F. & Bill VanPatten. 1995. Making communicative language teaching happen. New York: McGraw Hill.Suche in Google Scholar
Lewis, Michael. 1993. The lexical approach. Hove, UK: Language Teaching.Suche in Google Scholar
Lewis, Michael. 1997. Implementing the lexical approach: Putting theory into practice. Hove, UK: Language Teaching.Suche in Google Scholar
Lewis, Michael. 2000. Language in the lexical approach. In Michael Lewis (ed.), Teaching collocation: Further developments in the lexical approach, 126–154. Hove, UK: Language Teaching.Suche in Google Scholar
Liontas, John I. 2002. Context and idiom understanding in second languages. EUROSLA Yearbook 2. 155–185.10.1075/eurosla.2.11lioSuche in Google Scholar
Long, Michael. 2000. Focus on form in task-based language teaching. In Richard D. Lambert & Elana Shohamy (eds.), Language policy and pedagogy, 179–192. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/z.96.11lonSuche in Google Scholar
Loschky, Lester & Robert Bley-Vroman. 1993. Grammar and task-based methodology. In Graham V. Crookes & Susan M. Gass (eds.), Tasks and language learning: Integrating theory and practice, 123–167. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Suche in Google Scholar
McGill, Robert, John W. Tukey & Wayne A. Larsen. 1978. Variations of box plots. The American Statistician 32(1). 12–16.10.1080/00031305.1978.10479236Suche in Google Scholar
Meara, Paul M. 2009. Connected words: Word associations and second language lexical acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/lllt.24Suche in Google Scholar
Melka Teichroew, Francine J. 1982. Receptive versus productive vocabulary: A survey. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin 6. 5–33.Suche in Google Scholar
Morris, C. Donald, John D. Bransford & Jeffrey J. Franks. 1977. Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16. 519–533.10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80016-9Suche in Google Scholar
Nation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139524759Suche in Google Scholar
Norris, J. M., & Lourdes Ortega. 2000. Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta‐analysis. Language Learning 50. 417–528.10.1111/0023-8333.00136Suche in Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey. 1978. The pragmatics of reference. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics.Suche in Google Scholar
Pollio, Howard R., Jack M. Barlow, Harold J. Fine & Marilyn R. Pollio. 1977. Psychology and the poetics of growth: Figurative language in psychology, psychotherapy, and education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Read, John. 1998. Validating a test to measure depth of vocabulary knowledge. In Antony John Kunnan (ed.), Validation in language assessment, 41–60. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Read, John. 2000. Assessing vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511732942Suche in Google Scholar
Read, John. 2004. Research in teaching vocabulary. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24. 146–161.10.1017/S0267190504000078Suche in Google Scholar
Robinson, Peter. 1995. Attention, memory, and the “noticing” hypothesis. Language Learning 45. 283–331.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00441.xSuche in Google Scholar
Robinson, Peter. 2001a. Cognition and second language instruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139524780Suche in Google Scholar
Robinson, Peter. 2001b. Task complexity, task difficulty and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics 22. 27–57.10.1093/applin/22.1.27Suche in Google Scholar
Sanz, Cristina & Kara Morgan-Short. 2004. Positive evidence versus explicit rule presentation and explicit negative feedback: A computer-assisted study. Language Learning 54. 35–78.10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00248.xSuche in Google Scholar
Sanz, Cristina & Bill VanPatten. 1998. On input processing, processing instruction, and the nature of replication tasks: A response to M. R. Salaberry. Canadian Modern Language Review 54. 263–273.10.3138/cmlr.54.2.263Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidt, Richard. 1995. Consciousness and foreign language learning: A tutorial on attention and awareness in learning. In Richard Schmidt (ed.), Attention and awareness in foreign language learning, 1–63. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i, National Foreign Language Resource Center.Suche in Google Scholar
Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna, Kathy Conklin & Norbert Schmitt. 2011. Adding more fuel to the fire: An eye-tracking study of idiom processing by native and nonnative speakers. Second Language Research 27. 251–272.10.1177/0267658310382068Suche in Google Scholar
Spada, Nina. 1997. Form-focused instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research. Language Teaching 30. 73–87.10.1017/S0261444800012799Suche in Google Scholar
Stafford, Catherine A., Harriet W. Bowden & Cristina Sanz. 2012. Optimizing language instruction: Matters of explicitness, practice, and cue learning. Language Learning 62. 741–768.10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00648.xSuche in Google Scholar
Steinel, Margarita P., Jan H. Hulstijn & Wolfgang Steinel. 2007. Second language idiom learning in a paired-associate paradigm: Effects of direction of learning, direction of testing, idiom imageability, and idiom transparency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 29. 449–484.10.1017/S0272263107070271Suche in Google Scholar
Swinney, David A. & Anne Cutler. 1979. The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18. 523–534.10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90284-6Suche in Google Scholar
Tabossi, Patrizia & Francesco Zardon. 1993. The activation of idiomatic meaning in spoken language. In Cristina Cacciari & Patrizia Tabossi (eds.). Idioms: Processing, structure and interpretation, 145–162. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Tabossi, Patrizia & Francesco Zardon. 1995. The activation of idiomatic meaning. In Martin Everaert, Erik-Jan Van Der Linden, Andr Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives, 273–282. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Takala, Sauli. 1984. Evaluation of students’ knowledge of English vocabulary in Finnish comprehensive school (Rep. No. 350). Jyvaskyla, Finland: Institute of Educational Research.Suche in Google Scholar
Titone, Debra A. & Cynthia M. Connine. 1999. On the compositional and non-compositional nature of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Pragmatics 31. 1655–1674.10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00008-9Suche in Google Scholar
Tomlin, Russell S. & Victor Villa. 1994. Attention in cognitive science and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16. 183–203.10.1017/S0272263100012870Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill. 2004. Input processing in second language acquisition. In Bill VanPatten (ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary, 5–31. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.10.4324/9781410610195Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill. 2005. Processing instruction. In Cristina Sanz (ed.), Mind and context in adult second language acquisition: Methods, theory, and practice, 267–281. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill & Teresa Cadierno. 1993. Explicit instruction and input processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15. 225–241.10.1017/S0272263100011979Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill, Jeffrey L. Farmer & Caleb L. Clardy. 2009. Processing instruction and meaning-based output instruction: A response to Keating and Farley (2008). Hispania 92. 116–126.Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill & Soile Oikkenon. 1996. Explanation versus structured input in processing instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18. 495–510.10.1017/S0272263100015394Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill & Cristina Sanz. 1995. From input to output: Processing instruction and communicative tasks. In Fred R. Eckman, Diane Highland, Peter W. Lee, Jean Mileham & Rita Rutkowski Weber (eds.), Second language acquisition: Theory and pedagogy, 169–185. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
VanPatten, Bill & Wynne Wong. 2004. Processing instruction and the French causative: A replication. In Bill VanPatten (ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research and commentary, 97–118. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.10.4324/9781410610195Suche in Google Scholar
Vega Moreno, Rosa E. 2005. Idioms, transparency and pragmatic inference. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 17. 389–425.Suche in Google Scholar
Waring, Rob. 1997. A comparison of receptive and productive vocabulary sizes of some second language learners. Immaculata 19. 287–307.Suche in Google Scholar
Wong, Wynne. 2004. Processing instruction in French: The roles of explicit information and structured input. In Bill VanPatten (ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary, 187–205. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar
Zyzik, Eve. 2011. Second language idiom learning: The effects of lexical knowledge and pedagogical sequencing. Language Teaching Research 15. 413–433.10.1177/1362168811412025Suche in Google Scholar
Zyzik, Eve & Laura Marqués Pascual. 2012. Spanish differential object marking: An empirical study of implicit and explicit instruction. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 5. 387–422.10.1515/shll-2012-1135Suche in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- The pedagogical relevance of processing instruction in second language idiom acquisition
- Energy conservation: A theory of L2 ultimate attainment
- Learning to improve grammar instruction through comprehensive analysis of past research
- Impacts of task complexity on the development of L2 oral performance over time
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- The pedagogical relevance of processing instruction in second language idiom acquisition
- Energy conservation: A theory of L2 ultimate attainment
- Learning to improve grammar instruction through comprehensive analysis of past research
- Impacts of task complexity on the development of L2 oral performance over time