“Waiter, there’s a fly in my soup!”: tipping behavior in restaurants as a function of food servers’ humor, opinion conformity, and other-enhancement

References

Attardo, Salvatore. 1994. Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar

Attardo, Salvatore & Victor Raskin. 1991. Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke representation model. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 4(3). 293–347. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1991.4.3-4.293.Suche in Google Scholar

Azar, Ofer H. 2004. The history of tipping—from sixteenth-century England to United States in the 1910s. The Journal of Socio-Economics 33. 745–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.043.Suche in Google Scholar

Azar, Ofer H. 2011. Business strategy and the social norm of tipping. Journal of Economic Psychology 32(3). 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.018.Suche in Google Scholar

Becker, Amy B. 2012. Comedy types and political campaigns: The differential influence of other-directed hostile humor and self-ridicule on candidate evaluations. Mass Communication and Society 15(6). 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.628431.Suche in Google Scholar

Beer, Annika & Tobias Greitemeyer. 2019. The effects of background music on tipping behavior in a restaurant: A field study. Psychology of Music 47(3). 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755887.Suche in Google Scholar

Brown, Roger & Marguerite Ford. 1961. Address in American English. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62(2). 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042862.Suche in Google Scholar

Burns, Peter M. 1997. Hard-skills, soft-skills: Undervaluing hospitality’s `service with a smile. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 3. 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1603(199709)3:3<239::aid-pth80>3.0.co;2-2.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199709)3:3<239::AID-PTH80>3.0.CO;2-2Suche in Google Scholar

Cialdini, Robert B. 1999. Of tricks and tumors: Some little-recognized costs of dishonest use of effective social influence. Psychology & Marketing 16(2). 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(199903)16:2<91::aid-mar2>3.0.co;2-w.10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199903)16:2<91::AID-MAR2>3.0.CO;2-WSuche in Google Scholar

Cialdini, Robert B. 2021. Influence: The psychology of persuasion, new and expanded edn. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Suche in Google Scholar

Cialdini, Robert. B. & Noah J. Goldstein. 2002. The science and practice of persuasion. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 43. 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8804(02)80030-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Cialdini, Robert B. & Noah J. Goldstein. 2004. Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology 55. 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015.Suche in Google Scholar

Cody, Michael J., John S. Seiter & Yvette Montagne-Miller. 1995. Men and women in the market place. In Pamela J. Kalbfleisch & Michael J. Cody (eds.), Gender, power, and communication in interpersonal relationships, 305–329. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar

Cooper, Cecily D. 2005. Just joking around? Employee humor expression as an ingratiatory behavior. The Academy of Management Review 30(4). 765–776. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.18378877.Suche in Google Scholar

Curran, Timothy, Anastacia Janovec & Kimberly Olsen. 2021. Making others laugh is the best medicine: Humor orientation, health outcomes, and the moderating role of cognitive flexibility. Health Communication 36(4). 468–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1700438.Suche in Google Scholar

Eisend, Martin. 2009. A meta-analysis of humor in advertising. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 37(2). 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0096-y.Suche in Google Scholar

Eisend, Martin. 2011. How humor in advertising works: A meta-analytic test of alternative models. Marketing Letters 22(2). 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-010-9116-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Fernandez, Sébastien, Florian Dufour, Vânia Costa, Charlotte de Boer, Lohyd Terrier & Philippe Golay. 2020. Increasing tips in less than two hours: Impact of a training intervention on the amount of tips received by restaurant employees. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 61(1). 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965519863297.Suche in Google Scholar

Frank, David G. & Michael Lynn. 2020. Shattering the illusion of the self-earned tip: The effect of a restaurant magician on co-workers’ tips. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 87. 101560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101560.Suche in Google Scholar

Food server statistics and facts in the US. 2021, Dec. 14. Zippia. Available at: https://www.zippia.com/food-server-jobs/demographics/write-down-diners-orders.Suche in Google Scholar

Gass, Robert H. & John S. Seiter. 2022. Persuasion, social influence, and compliance gaining, 7th edn. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781003081388Suche in Google Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.Suche in Google Scholar

Gordon, Randall A. 1996. Impact of ingratiation on judgments and evaluations: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(1). 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.54.Suche in Google Scholar

Gould, Sam & Larry E. Penley. 1984. Career strategies and salary progression: A study of their relationships in a municipal bureaucracy. Performance 34(2). 244–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(84)90006-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Guéguen, Nicolas. 2002. The effects of joke on tipping when it is delivered at the same time as the bill. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32. 1955–1963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00266.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Guéguen, Nicolas. 2012. Hair color and wages: Waitresses with blond hair have more fun. Journal of Socio-Economics 41. 370–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2012.04.012.Suche in Google Scholar

Guéguen, Nicolas & Céline Jacob. 2012. Clothing color and tipping: Gentlemen patrons give more tips to waitresses with red clothes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 38(2). 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012442546.Suche in Google Scholar

Harris, Mary B. 1995. Waiters, customers, and service: Some tips about tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25(8). 725–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01771.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Hempelmann, Christian F. & Salvatore Attardo. 2011. Resolutions and their incongruities: Further thoughts on logical mechanisms. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 24(2). 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2011.008.Suche in Google Scholar

Hilkenmeier, Frederic & Sascha Hoffman. 2021. Effects of an opportune gift on tipping. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 46(4). 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211019841.Suche in Google Scholar

Holcomb, Chris & Heather Buzbee. 2023. Humor. In Jeanne Fahnestock & Randy A. Harris (eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and persuasion, 147–164. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780367823658-11Suche in Google Scholar

Jacob, Céline & Nicolas Guéguen. 2012. The effect of physical distance between patrons and servers on tipping. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 36(1). 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010388660.Suche in Google Scholar

Jacob, Céline & Nicolas Guéguen. 2014. The effects of compliments on customers’ compliance with a food server’s suggestion. International Journal of Hospitality Management 40. 59–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.010.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, Edward E. 1964. Ingratiation: A social-psychological analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, Edward E. 1965. Conformity as a tactic of ingratiation. Science 149(3680). 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3680.144.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, Edward E. & Thane S. Pittman. 1982. Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In J. Suls (ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self, 231–262. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, Edward E. & Camille B. Wortman. 1973. Ingratiation: An attributional approach. New York: General Learning Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Kipnis, David, Stuart Schmidt & Ian Wilkinson. 1980. Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one’s way. Journal of Applied Psychology 65(4). 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.4.440.Suche in Google Scholar

Kleman, Erin E. 2008. “May I interest you in today’s special?”: A pilot study of restaurant servers’ compliance-gaining strategies. Rocky Mountain Communication Review 5(1). 32–42.Suche in Google Scholar

Kuiper, Nicholas A. & Catherine Leite. 2010. Personality impressions associate with four distinct humor styles. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51. 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00734.x.Suche in Google Scholar

La Fave, Lawrence. 1972. Humor judgments as a function of reference groups and identification classes. In Jeffery H. Goldstein & Paul E. McGhee (eds.), The psychology of humor, 195–210. New York: Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-288950-9.50016-XSuche in Google Scholar

Long, David M. 2019. Tacticality, authenticity, or both? The ethical paradox of actor ingratiation and target trust reactions. Journal of Business Ethics 168. 847–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04251-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Lynn, Michael & Zachary W. Brewster. 2018. A within-restaurant analysis of changes in customer satisfaction following the introduction of service inclusive pricing or automatic service charges. International Journal of Hospitality Management 70. 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.11.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Lynn, Michael, Robert J. Kwortnik & Michael C. Sturman. 2011. Voluntary tipping and the selective attraction and retention of service workers in the USA: An application of the ASA model. International Journal of Human Resource Management 22(9). 1887–1901. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.573968.Suche in Google Scholar

Lynn, Michael, Joseph-Mykal Le & David S. Sherwyn. 1998. Reach out and touch your customers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 39. 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049803900312.Suche in Google Scholar

Lynn, Michael, & McCall, Michael. 2000. Gratitude and gratuity: A meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship, 29(2), 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(00)00062-7.Suche in Google Scholar

Martin, Rod A. 2007. The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Martin, Rod A., Patricia Puhlik-Doris, Gwen Larsen, Jeanette Gray & Kelly Weir. 2003. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality 37(1). 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2.Suche in Google Scholar

Martinez, Patricia & Ignacio R. del Bosque. 2013. CSR and customer loyalty: The roles of trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management 35. 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.05.009.Suche in Google Scholar

Martyris, Nina. 2015, Nov. 20. When tipping was considered deeply un-American. NPR. Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/30/457125740/when-tipping-was-considered-deeply-un-american.Suche in Google Scholar

Mealing, Stuart. 2011. What is the origin of the “Waiter, there’s a fly in my soup” joke? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,1418,00.html (accessed 21 March 2023).Suche in Google Scholar

Meyer, John C. 2015. Understanding humor through communication: Why be funny, anyway? New York: Lexington Books.Suche in Google Scholar

Miczo, Nathan, Josh M. Averbeck & Theresa Mariani. 2009. Affiliative and aggressive humor, attachment dimensions, and interaction goals. Communication Studies 60(5). 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970903260301.Suche in Google Scholar

Montoya, R. Matthew & Robert S. Horton. 2012. A meta-analytic investigation of the processes underlying the similarity-attraction effect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30(1). 64–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512452989.Suche in Google Scholar

National Restaurant Association. 2017. Facts at a glance. Available at: http://www.restaurant.org/News-Research/Research/Facts-at-a-Glance.Suche in Google Scholar

Nickson, Dennis, Chris Warhurst & Eli Dutton. 2005. The importance of attitude and appearance in the service encounter in retail and hospitality. Managing Service Quality 15. 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520510585370.Suche in Google Scholar

Oring, Elliott. 2008. Humor in anthropology and folklore. In Victor Raskin (ed.), The primer of humor research, 183–210. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198492.183Suche in Google Scholar

Oring, Elliott. 2011. Parsing the joke: A general theory of verbal humor and appropriate incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 24(2). 203–222.10.1515/HUMR.2011.013Suche in Google Scholar

Rind, Bruce. 1996. Effect of beliefs about weather conditions on tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26(2). 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01842.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Saucier, Camille J. & Nathan Walter. 2021. Dissecting a frog: A meta-analytic evaluation of humor intensity in persuasion research. Annals of the International Communication Association 45(4). 258–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2022.2033634.Suche in Google Scholar

Schindler, Robert M., Sandipan S. Sen & Judy A. Wiles. 2022. “Enjoy!” The effects of service blessings on the customer. Service Marketing Quarterly 43(1). 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2021.1992561.Suche in Google Scholar

Segrave, Kerry. 1998. Tipping: An American social history of gratuities. London: McFarland & Co.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. 2007. Ingratiation and gratuity: The effect of complimenting customers on tipping behavior in restaurants. The Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37(3). 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00169.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S., Garett M. Brownlee & Matthew Sanders. 2011. Persuasion by example: Does including gratuity guidelines on customers’ checks affect restaurant tipping behavior? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41(1). 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00706.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Michael J. Cody. 2004. Social influence in selling contexts. In John S. Seiter & Robert H. Gass (eds.), Perspectives on persuasion, social influence, and compliance gaining, 353–371. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Eric Dutson. 2007. The effect of compliments on tipping behavior in hair styling salons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37(9). 1999–2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00247.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Robert H. Gass. 2005. The effect of patriotic messages on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35(6). 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02166.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S., Kayde D. Givens & Harry Weger. 2016. The effect of mutual introductions and addressing customers by name on tipping behavior in restaurants. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 25. 640–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2015.1040140.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Harry Weger. 2010. The effect of generalized compliments, sex of server, and size of dining party on tipping behavior in restaurants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00560.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Harry Weger. 2013. Does a customer by any other name tip the same?: The effect of forms of address and customers’ age on gratuities given to food servers in the United States. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 43. 1592–1598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12110.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Harry Weger. 2018. The principle of reciprocity in hospitality contexts: The relationship between tipping behavior and food servers’ approaches to handling leftovers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 42. 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014562425.Suche in Google Scholar

Seiter, John S. & Harry Weger. 2020. If memory serves: The effect of restaurant servers’ memorization and muddling of orders. International Journal of Hospitality Management 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102320.Suche in Google Scholar

Skurka, Christopher, Jeff Niederdeppe, Rainerr Romero-Canyas & David Acup. 2018. Pathways of influence in emotional appeals: Benefits and tradeoffs of using fear or humor to promote climate change-related intentions and risk perceptions. Journal of Communication 68(1). 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx008.Suche in Google Scholar

Strohmetz, David B., Bruce Rind, Reed Fisher & Michael Lynn. 2002. Sweetening the till: The use of candy to increase restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32. 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00216.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Tidd, Kathi L. & Joan S. Lockard. 1978. Monetary significance of the affiliative smile: A case for reciprocal altruism. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11(6). 344–346. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03336849.Suche in Google Scholar

van Baaren, Rick B., Rob W. Holland, Bregje Steenaert & Ad van Knippenberg. 2003. Mimicry for money: Behavioral consequences of imitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39. 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00014-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Vaerenbergh, Yves., Dorottya Varga, Arne De Keyser & Chiara Orsingher. 2019. The service recovery journey: Conceptualization, integration, and directions for future research. Journal of Service Research 22(2). 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670518819852.Suche in Google Scholar

Verhoef, Peter C., Gerrit. Antonides & Arnoud N. de Hoog. 2004. Service encounters as a sequence of events: The importance of peak experiences. Journal of Service Research 7(1). 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670504266137.Suche in Google Scholar

Waiters and Waitresses. n.d. Datausa. https://datausa.io/profile/soc/waiters-waitresses?redirect=true#age_sex.Suche in Google Scholar

Walter, Nathan, Michael J. Cody, Larry Z. Xu & Sheila T. Murphy. 2018. A priest, a rabbi, and a minister walk into a bar: A meta-analysis of humor effects on persuasion. Human Communication Research 44. 343–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy005.Suche in Google Scholar

Wanzer, Melissa B., Ann B. Frymier, Ann M. Wojtaszczyk & Tony Smith. 2006. Appropriate and inappropriate uses of humor by teachers. Communication Education 55(2). 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520600566132.Suche in Google Scholar

Warren, Caleb, Adam Barsky & A. P. McGraw. 2018. Humor, comedy, and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 45(3). 529–552. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy015.Suche in Google Scholar

Whaley, Jeremy E., Sun-Hwa Kim & Youn-Kyung Kim. 2019. Drivers and impact of restaurant tipping behavior. Journal of Foodservice Business Research 22(2). 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2019.1570773.Suche in Google Scholar

Yukl, Gary & Bruce J. Tracey. 1992. Consequences of influence tactics used with subordinates, peers, and the boss. Journal of Applied Psychology 77. 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.4.525.Suche in Google Scholar