Volume 45, Issue 1

In different type water, the hydrolysis of α, β-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 was investigated near washing clothing concentration by XRD, SEM chemical analysis and residual solid yield. β-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 changed to kanemite in distilled water. In water with Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ , β-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 transformed to a mixture of kanemite, Ca(OH) 2 and amorphous silicate or a mixture of kanemite (NaHSi 2 O 5 ·3 H 2 O), Mg(OH) 2 and amorphous silicate. α-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 changed to an unknown phase in distilled water. In water with Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ , α-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 transformed to a mixture of unknown phase, Ca(OH) 2 and amorphous silicate or a mixture of unknown phase, Mg(OH) 2 and amorphous silicate. The experimental data showed that the divalent cation binding process of α, β-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 belongs to a mixture process with divalent cations exchange with Na + cation and precipitation in form of insoluble amorphous solid.

In this research, cotton fabrics scoured with nonionic detergent were dyed with four different direct dyes (Thiazole, Disazo, Trisazo and Polyazo). The dyed fabrics were then treated with anionic, cationic, nonionic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. CIELAB color coordinates (L ∗ , a ∗ , b ∗ , C ∗ and h) were measured with reflectance spectrophotometer. The lightness (L ∗ value) for samples dyed with disazo and polyazo direct dyes (orange and red dyes) showed an increase after treatment with all the mentioned softeners, while it was decreased for thiazole and trisazo dyed fabrics treated with anionic, cationic, micro and macro emulsion silicone softeners. The wash and light fastness properties of samples were measured according to ISO 105-CO5 and Daylight ISO 105-BO1. The washing fastness properties of some direct dyed samples were decreased after treatment with softeners. In the case of light fastness properties, it was decreased for most of the samples.

The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between anionic surfactants and macrophytes. Two different types of surfactants were chosen for the study: SDS (non-aromatic) and LAS (aromatic). Lemna minor was the macrophyte of choice, an aquatic plant, useful for its selective removal of ammonia, its ability to cover the surface of water bodies, and to remove heavy metals from effluents. The experiments with L. minor were performed in the presence and absence of nutrients. The concentrations of surfactants used were similar to those which can be found in wastewater. Under these experimental conditions L. minor was not affected. Because of this, L. minor used in treatment ponds appears not to be affected by the presence of surfactants. Moreover it can diminish their concentration in effluents prior to its disposal in water bodies.

Structural features of microemulsions such as the droplet radius, thickness of the surfactant layer at the interface, number and distribution of molecules within a droplet are calculated using LSCF field theory. The theory was also used to calculate the composition ratio, interfacial tension (γ) and bending moment (c) of spherical interfaces between oil and water. Presented results show that LFSCF approach can be used to predict microemulsion properties.

A new method of synthesis a series of pure dialkylbenzene sulfonates is described. The benzene ring carries a major alkyl substituent, consisting of a linear chain of sixteen carbon atoms long, and one additional methyl group. Products are charactered by EI-MS and 1 H NMR. Experimental investigations have been conducted to explore the interfacial tension behavior of crude oil with dialkylbenzenesulfonates. The effects of various parameters such as surfactant concentration, salinity concentration on the interfacial tension of crude oil-water were investigated in detail. The transient low interfacial tensions in crude oil/alkali system were caused by the synergistic effects between surfactant and the active species generated at interface, but surfactant molecules plays the dominant role at equilibrium.