Band 8, Heft 10

One of the most promising contenders for ultralow-energy electronic devices are memristive memories, which allow for sustainably scalable “neuromorphic” computing, potentially capable of reducing power dissipation in IT by >50%. Understanding the nanoscale kinetics of the switching mechanisms is needed to enable high-endurance devices – only this can unlock their integration into fast, low-energy, logic-in-memory architectures. Lately, non-perturbative techniques were introduced to study morphological changes within memristive devices. In particular, plasmonic nanocavities recently became a smart and powerful investigation tool and opened the path for completely new electro-optical applications based on memristive devices. In this review, we will discuss the main research streams currently linking the fields of nanoscale device engineering and plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions focusing on innovative fast ways to study real-time movement of individual atoms that underpins this new generation of ultralow-energy memory nano-devices.

The discovery of photonic crystals 30 years ago in conjunction with research advances in plasmonics and metamaterials, has inspired the concept of decameter scale metasurfaces, coined seismic metamaterials for an enhanced control of surface (Love and Rayleigh) and bulk (shear and pressure) elastodynamic waves. These powerful mathematical tools of coordinate transforms, effective medium and Floquet-Bloch theories which have revolutionized nanophotonics, can be translated in the language of civil engineering and geophysics. Experiments on seismic metamaterials made of buried elements in the soil demonstrate that the fore mentioned tools make a possible novel description of complex phenomena of soil-structure interaction during a seismic disturbance. But the concepts are already moving to more futuristic concepts and the same notions developed for structured soils are now used to examine the effects of buildings viewed as above surface resonators in megastructures such as metacities. But this perspective of future should not make us forget the heritage of the ancient peoples. Indeed, we finally point out the striking similarity between an invisible cloak design and the architecture of some ancient megastructures as the antique Gallo-Roman theaters and amphitheatres.

The high demand for energy consumption in everyday life, and fears of climate change are driving the scientific community to explore prospective materials for efficient energy conversion and storage. Perovskites, a prominent category of materials, including metal halides and perovskite oxides have a significant role as energy materials, and can effectively replace conventional materials. The simultaneous need for new energy materials together with the increased interest for making new devices, and exploring new physics, thrust the research to control the structuring of the perovskite materials at the nanoscale. Nanostructuring of the perovskites offers unique features such as a large surface area, extensive porous structures, controlled transport and charge-carrier mobility, strong absorption and photoluminescence, and confinement effects. These features together with the unique tunability in their composition, shape, and functionalities make perovskite nanocrystals efficient for energy-related applications such as photovoltaics, catalysts, thermoelectrics, batteries, supercapacitor and hydrogen storage systems. The synthesis procedures of perovskite nanostructures in different morphologies is summarized and the energy-related properties and applications are extensively discussed in this paper.

Coherent quantum optics, where the phase of a photon is not scrambled as it interacts with an emitter, lies at the heart of many quantum optical effects and emerging technologies. Solid-state emitters coupled to nanophotonic waveguides are a promising platform for quantum devices, as this element can be integrated into complex photonic chips. Yet, preserving the full coherence properties of the coupled emitter-waveguide system is challenging because of the complex and dynamic electromagnetic landscape found in the solid state. Here, we review progress toward coherent light-matter interactions with solid-state quantum emitters coupled to nanophotonic waveguides. We first lay down the theoretical foundation for coherent and nonlinear light-matter interactions of a two-level system in a quasi-one-dimensional system, and then benchmark experimental realizations. We discuss higher order nonlinearities that arise as a result of the addition of photons of different frequencies, more complex energy level schemes of the emitters, and the coupling of multiple emitters via a shared photonic mode. Throughout, we highlight protocols for applications and novel effects that are based on these coherent interactions, the steps taken toward their realization, and the challenges that remain to be overcome.

Scanning probe techniques have evolved significantly in recent years to detect surface morphology of materials down to subnanometer resolution, but without revealing spectroscopic information. In this review, we discuss recent advances in scanning probe techniques that capitalize on light-induced forces for studying nanomaterials down to molecular specificities with nanometer spatial resolution.

To date, the delivery of nanosized therapeutic agents to cancers largely relies on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects that are caused by the leaky nature of cancer vasculature. Whereas leaky vessels are often found in mouse xenografts, nanosized agents have demonstrated limited success in humans due to the relatively small magnitude of the EPR effect in naturally occurring cancers. To achieve the superior delivery of nanosized agents, alternate methods of increasing permeability and retention are needed. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently reported therapy that relies on an antibody-photon absorber conjugate that binds to tumors and then is activated by light. NIR-PIT causes an increase in nanodrug delivery by up to 24-fold compared to untreated tumors in which only the EPR effect is present. This effect, termed super-EPR (SUPR), can enhance the delivery of a wide variety of nanosized agents, including nanoparticles, antibodies, and protein-binding small-molecular-weight agents into tumors. Therefore, taking advantage of the SUPR effect after NIR-PIT may be a promising avenue to use a wide variety of nanodrugs in a highly effective manner.

Since about a decade, metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) has become a tool to measure the distance of fluorophores to a metal-coated surface with nanometer accuracy. The energy transfer from a fluorescent molecule to surface plasmons within a metal film results in the acceleration of its radiative decay rate. This can be observed as a reduction of the molecule’s fluorescence lifetime which can be easily measured with standard microscopy equipment. The achievable distance resolution is in the nanometer range, over a total range of about 200 nm. The method is perfectly compatible with biological and even live cell samples. In this review, we will summarize the theoretical and technical details of the method and present the most important results that have been obtained using MIET. We will also show how the latest technical developments can contribute to improving MIET, and we sketch some interesting directions for its future applications in the life sciences.

Metasurfaces have received enormous attention thanks to their unique ability to modulate electromagnetic properties of light in various frequency regimes. Recently, exploiting its fabrication ease and modulation strength, unprecedented and unique controlling of light that surpasses conventional optical devices has been suggested and studied a lot. Here, in this paper, we discuss some parts of this trend including holography, imaging application, dispersion control, and multiplexing, mostly operating for optical frequency regime. Finally, we will outlook the future of the devices with recent applications of these metasurfaces.

An efficient electrospun aligned surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and maize-like substrate of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite and Ag colloid nanofibers decorated with thermal evaporated Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been developed by taking advantage of electrostatic interactions. The synergistic effects of the evaporated AgNPs (niblets) and the Ag colloid in PVA (corncob) could arouse strong electromagnetic field between the lateral and vertical nanogaps which has been demonstrated by experiment and finite-different time-domain (FDTD) simulation. In this experiment, the aligned nanofibers possesses an excellent sensitivity by detection of crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG) molecule at low concentration. Moreover, the proposed flexible SERS sensor was measured with outstanding uniformity and reproducibility. We also carried out in-situ electrospinning on a curved surface to detect the mixture of Sudan I, CV and MG molecule, which demonstrates that flexible SERS sensor, has enormous potential in accurate and in-situ detection on the complex geometric structure.

A cross-polarization detection technique was introduced to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a plasmonic near-field scanning nanoscope (PNSN) using the anisotropic reflection from a metallic ridge nano-aperture. Assuming that the nano-aperture is an resistor-inductor-capacitor-equivalent circuit, we propose an analytic circuit model to quantitatively predict the relationship between the copolarization and cross-polarization signals of the PNSN. It was found that the magnitude of the cross-polarization signal has an opposite trend with respect to the copolarization signal, providing a larger PNSN signal. We demonstrated the PNSN with dual channels for detecting both polarization signals. The performance of the PNSN was characterized by recording images of heterogeneous nanostructures in dynamic random access memory patterns and we enhanced the SNR of the images by a factor of 2.7–4.9.

Chiral metamaterials provide a very convenient way to actively regulate the light field via external means, which is very important in nanophotonics. However, the very weak chiral response of a generally planar metamaterial severely limits its application. Therefore, it is important to design a system with large circular dichroism. Here we report an optical metamaterial with strong chirality in a bilayer gear-shaped plasmonic structure and consider this chiral response of such fields on tunable atom ( 87 Rb) trapping. Simulation results show that maximum chiral response is observed when the two layers of the gear-shaped structures are rotated from each other by an angle of 60° at λ  = 760 nm. Also, we demonstrate an active tunable potential for three-dimensional stable atom-trapping with tunable range of position and potential of a neutral atom of ~58 nm and ~1.3 N mK ( N denotes the input power with unit mW), respectively. In addition, the trap centers are about hundreds of nanometers away from the structure surface, which ensures the stability of the trapping system. The regulation of neutral atom trapping broadens the application of chiral metamaterials and has potential significance in the manipulation of cold atoms.

In this paper, we present a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) of absorption enhancement in all-silicon (Si) photodiodes with integrated hole arrays of different shapes and dimensions. The RCWA method is used to analyze the light propagation and trapping in the photodiodes on both Si-on-insulator (SOI) and bulk Si substrates for the datacom wavelength at about 850 nm. Our calculation and measurement results show that funnel-shaped holes with tapered sidewalls lead to low back-reflection. A beam of light undergoes a deflection subsequent to the diffraction in the hole array and generates laterally propagating waves. SOI substrates with oxide layers play an important role in reducing the transmission loss, especially for deflected light with higher-order diffraction from the hole array. Owing to laterally propagating modes and back-reflection on the SiO 2 film, light is more confined in the thin Si layer on the SOI substrates compared to that on the bulk Si substrates. Experimental results based on fabricated devices support the predictions of the RCWA. Devices are designed with a 2-μm-thick intrinsic layer, which ensures ultrafast impulse response (full-width at half-maximum) of 30 ps. Measurements for integrated photodiodes with funnel-shaped holes indicate an enhanced external quantum efficiency of more than 55% on the SOI substrates. This represents more than 500% improvement compared to photodiodes without integrated phototrapping nanoholes.

As a new multiplexing dimension, spatial modes are catching increasing attentions nowadays. It is a fundamental task to establish an appropriate theoretical model to describe these spatial modes, especially higher-order spatial modes. However, existing theoretical models are only able to explain some special higher-order spatial states in fiber. The basic problem in these models is that their discussed dimensions are not enough. Indeed, to describe a higher-order spatial state, at least four dimensions are needed. In this paper, we present an expanded Jones complex space model, which is four-dimensional when a single higher-order state is discussed. The expanded Jones model is based on the discussion of an arbitrary combination of four degenerated higher-order modes. As a result, arbitrary spatial states are described. Because the number of used dimensions matches that of the problem, the descriptions of higher-order modes are more complete than other models. Also, we have verified the reliability of the expanded Jones model in our experiment. This model has the potential to simplify many analyses related to spatial modes in fiber.

Nanostructures composed of dielectric, metallic or metalo-dielectric structures are receiving significant attention due to their unique capabilities to manipulate light for a wide range of functions such as spectral colors, anti-reflection and enhanced light-matter interaction. The optical properties of such nanostructures are determined not only by the shape and dimensions of the structures but also by their spatial arrangement. Here, we demonstrate the generation of vivid colors from nanostructures composed of spatially disordered metalo-dielectric (In/InP) nanopillar arrays. The nanopillars are formed by a single-step, ion-sputtering-assisted, self-assembly process that is inherently scalable and avoids complex patterning and deposition procedures. The In/InP nanopillar dimensions can be changed in a controlled manner by varying the sputter duration, resulting in reflective colors from pale blue to dark red. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the distribution of the formed nanopillars shows that they are spatially disordered. The electromagnetic simulations combined with the optical measurements show that the reflectance spectra are strongly influenced by the pillar dimensions. While the specular and diffuse reflectance components are appreciable in all the nanopillar samples, the specular part dominates for the shorter nanopillars, thereby leading to a glossy effect. The simulation results show that the characteristic features in the observed specular and diffused reflectance spectra are determined by the modal and light-scattering properties of single pillars. While the work focuses on the In/InP system, the findings are relevant in a wider context of structural color generation from other types of metalo-dielectric nanopillar arrays.

In this work, a series of three and four-color tandem white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are developed by using the optimized charge generating unit (CGU) to connect two electroluminescence (EL) units with symmetrical emitting layers, in which symmetrical emitting layers are constructed based on the mixed hosts; sandwiched between hole and electron-transporting hosts and the light emitted from two EL units that are absolutely complementary for forming white emission. All resulting tandem WOLEDs realize good white emission with maximum color rendering index (CRI) beyond 77 and 90 for three and four-color white devices and extremely high EL spectra stability, and also achieve high device efficiency with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) exceeding 33.10%. For example, for the optimized four-color tandem WOLED, the maximum CRI and EQE of 91 and 34.78% are demonstrated and only very slight CIE (Δx, Δy) variation of (0.002, −0.010) was observed at a wide luminance range from 170.9 cd/m 2 to 13,870 cd/m 2 . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first tandem WOLED with only two EL units realizing such high device performances. More importantly, the proposed tandem WOLEDs here avoid introducing carrier or exciton blocking layer or using more EL units to realize high color quality white emission that provides a novel approach to develop simple, but high-performance tandem WOLEDs.

We report a new Ag nanoparticle-dispersed polymer nanocomposite for volume holographic recording through acrylic photopolymerization. The initial grating buildup dynamics at the inhibition stage are measured at various Ag nanoparticle concentrations. The refractive index modulation amplitude as large as 0.0069 at 633 nm is seen at the optimum Ag nanoparticle concentration of 1 wt.% with respect to the monomer. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements show that Ag nanoparticles influence both the generation of alkyl radicals and the scavenging of oxygen in free radical photopolymerization. This mechanism intrinsically determines the molecular weight of polymer being formed and, thereby, affects the refractive index modulation amplitude of the formed grating as a function of Ag nanoparticle concentrations. Moreover, we confirm that two-beam holographic exposure leads to a periodic assembly of dispersed Ag nanoparticles using a dark-field microscopy. Our results suggest a simple way to control the photopolymerization and, therefore, to tailor polymers for practical uses.

In this work, reconfigurable metafilm absorbers based on indium silicon oxide (ISO) were investigated. The metafilm absorbers consist of nanoscale metallic resonator arrays on metal-insulator-metal (MIM) multilayer structures. The ISO was used as an active tunable layer embedded in the MIM cavities. The tunable metafilm absorbers with ISO were then fabricated and characterized. A maximum change in the reflectance of 57% and up to 620 nm shift in the resonance wavelength were measured.

For terahertz (THz) integrated systems, an intersection between waveguides is inevitable and is often accompanied by considerable crosstalk and loss. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel type of crossing with a footprint less than 0.2 × 0.2 mm 2 for THz surface plasmon polariton waveguiding. With an optimized crossover structure, the measured loss of the intersection is as low as 0.89 dB/crossing, and the crosstalk is less than −19.06 dB/crossing at 0.55 THz. The proposed crossing structure is compact and has low loss and crosstalk within a broad band, which will pave the way for a wide range of new applications for THz integrated systems.

Coupling between electromagnetic cavity fields and fluorescent molecules or quantum emitters can be strongly enhanced by reducing the cavity mode volume. Plasmonic structures allow light confinement down to volumes that are only a few cubic nanometers. At such length scales, nonlocal and quantum tunneling effects are expected to influence the emitter interaction with the surface plasmon modes, which unavoidably requires going beyond classical models to accurately describe the electron response at the metal surface. In this context, the quantum hydrodynamic theory (QHT) has emerged as an efficient tool to probe nonlocal and quantum effects in metallic nanostructures. Here, we apply state-of-the-art QHT to investigate the quantum effects on strong coupling of a dipole emitter placed at nanometer distances from metallic particles. A comparison with conventional local response approximation (LRA) and Thomas-Fermi hydrodynamic theory results shows the importance of quantum effects on the plasmon-emitter coupling. The QHT predicts qualitative deviation from LRA in the weak coupling regime that leads to quantitative differences in the strong coupling regime. In nano-gap systems, the inclusion of quantum broadening leads to the existence of an optimal gap size for Rabi splitting that minimizes the requirements on the emitter oscillator strength.

Tunable plasmon-exciton coupling is demonstrated at room temperature in hybrid systems consisting of Ag@Au hollow nanoshells (HNSs) and J-aggregates. The strong coupling depends on the exciton binding energy and the localized surface plasmon resonance strength, which can be tuned by changing the thickness of the Ag@Au HNS. An evident anticrossing dispersion curve in the coupled energy diagram of the hybrid system was observed based on the absorption spectra obtained at room temperature. In this paper, strong coupling was observed twice (first at lower wavelength and then also at a higher wavelength) via a single preparation process of the Ag@Au HNS system. The first Rabi splitting energy ( ħ Ω) is 225 meV. Then, the extinction spectra of the bare Ag@Au HNS and the Ag@Au HNS-J-aggregate hybrid system were reproduced by numerical simulations using the finite-difference time domain method, which were in good agreement with the experimental observations. We attributed the strong coupling of the new shell hybrid system to the reduced local surface plasmon (LSP) mode volume of the Ag@Au HNS. This volume is about 1021.6 nm 3 . The features of the Ag@Au HNS nanostructure with a small LSP mode volume enabled strong light-matter interactions to be achieved in single open plasmonic nanocavities. These findings may pave the way toward nanophotonic devices operating at room temperature.

We present magnetic field induced modulation of the optical response of slit plasmonic metasurfaces fabricated out of giant magnetoresistance/spintronic materials in the 2–17 μm spectral range of the spectrum. The modulation of the slit plasmonic modes is due to the modification of the electrical resistivity (and, in turn, of the optical constants) induced by the application of an external magnetic field. This modulation is found to continuously increase both with the slit concentration and with the slit resonance wavelength, with a prospective further increase for wavelengths of up to 60–80 μm. The direct fabrication and implementation of the modulation setup opens a competitive route for the development of active plasmonic metasurfaces in a wide spectral range.

Metasurface-based beam deflector, as an important optical element to bend the light propagation direction, has drawn a lot of interests in research to achieve miniaturization of devices and reduction of system complexity. Based on the 12-inch immersion lithography technology, in this work, an ultra-thin and large-area pixelated metasurface beam deflector with a footprint of 2500 × 2500 μm, formed by nanopillars with diameters from 221 to 396 nm, is demonstrated on a 12-inch glass wafer. The 21 × 21 array of deflectors is designed to bend the input light in different directions and to generate 441 random points. In addition, the layer transfer on the 12-inch glass wafer makes the device working in transmission mode at a 940-nm wavelength. The random point array generated from the experiment shows good match with the design. This pixelated metasurface beam deflector can generate random points simultaneously and has potential to make beam steering by switching each pixel of the beam deflector, which can be applied on motion detection, facial recognition, and light detection and ranging.