Band 3, Heft 2

Foreign trade is a “mirror” of the historical situation of a country. From foreign trade turnover, trading partners, the structure of export and import goods, and trade flows, it is possible to make conclusions about the country’s industrialization, acquired technology, consumption of the population, the standard of living and development. In this article, we intended to make a conclusion that the characteristics of Mongolia’s social and economic situation, production, trade, and consumption at that time were determined, through the historical conditions of Mongolia’s foreign trade at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as how foreign trade and foreign trade policies influenced the country’s choice of a new path of historical development.

As a result of the prolonged struggle for national independence, the Mongolian people, who endured over two centuries of oppression under Manchurian rule, regained sovereignty in 1911 and established the Republic of Mongolia. During this period, significant economic, social, and political reforms were initiated, laying the groundwork for the national financial system. This article examines the social, political, and economic landscape during the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. Research into the tax and financial policies implemented during this period was conducted using historical documents and sources. Within the framework of Mongolian governmental financial policies, five ministries were established, accompanied by the enactment and implementation of various regulations about finance, taxation, and customs. Efforts were made to enhance state revenue; however, the accumulation of debt owed to foreign moneylenders and merchants, coupled with the taxation burden on Mongolian citizens, including payments to domestic nobles and religious institutions, exacerbated poverty and economic hardship among the populace. In June 1915, the autonomy of Mongolia, as stipulated in the treaty between Russia, Mongolia, and China, was abolished in 1919, resulting in the reassertion of foreign control over Mongolian governance.

Human nomenclature is a branch of linguistics that includes the language, culture, and history of a given society. People’s names have been changing due to the lifestyle, religion, customs, culture, society, politics, and education level of the time. The study of the name of a person who forms the culture of the nation is important to know the unique thinking of the country, the root values and beliefs of the nation. A comparative study of the meaning and structural features of Mongolian and Korean names is likely to contribute even a little to Mongolian and Korean scholars’ further comparative studies of language and culture.

This article was written as a contribution to the study of Mongolian musicology, including court musicology. The musical instruments made of wood, named “Ekhlegch”, “Khuraagch” and “Uelegch” were a part of the court musical orchestra of the Great Yuan State of Mongolia although they are no longer used, their purpose is not always clear, the names, descriptions, and drawings of them have been recorded in some old sources and works of musicologists. It is believed that studying these instruments and clarifying their functions will contribute to the further development of Mongolian musical studies and the structure and composition of the orchestra. Also, it would be another interesting study to compare the hand drawings of musical instruments, which were recorded in old sources as part of the ancient Mongolian court orchestra, but have not been preserved today.

In this article, the descriptive thinking of a famous Chinese author’s novel is discussed using a metaphorical example. Any metaphor is contained mentality of national culture. Metaphors are important in Chinese cognitive thinking. But it is an important question how that methapor fits into the mentality of the other nation. In particular, the two ethnic groups, Mongolian and Chinese, have lived in neighboring countries, but they have not always known each other properly. This interesting issue is discussed in this article. From this point of view, this article is aimed at solving specific problems of communication in China-Mongolian literature. This article does not violate copyright. Because this article is being published for the first time.

History is the study of people– specifically how people existed, lived, thought, and created in the past. It is very interesting to study how our ancestors, the nomadic Mongolians, lived on this land and the origin of our great grandparents for generations. Most of the time, people have been interested in the origin of their ancestors since ancient times, and they have explained it mostly through myths and religious views. The Mongolian plateau has been a home to nomads throughout its history. Mongolia is a heartland of nomadic empires that are famous not only in the steppes of Europe and Asia but also in the world. The large river basins and steppes of Mongolia are ideal areas for nomadic livestock farming, and the nomads who conquered these areas became a dominant force in the Eurasian steppes. Therefore, the history of the ancient states of Mongolia is the history of the empires that dominated the Eurasian plains. Scientists and researchers have proved that many states established by nomads existed on Mongolian territory and left a deep and undeniable trace on the history of Mongolia as well as the history of the world. They have done research on the topic from different perspectives which based on the specific theories. This research is based on the qualitative method. In this article, I will examine how the ancient nomadic civilization of Mongolia connected with some Asian civilizations.