Band 17, Heft 1 -

A new islanding detection scheme for distribution network containing different types of distributed generations (DGs) is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on acquiring three phase current samples for full cycle duration of each simulation case of islanding/non-islanding conditions at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the targeted DG. Afterwards, superimposed positive & negative sequence components of current are calculated and continuously compared with pre-determined threshold values. Performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated on diversified islanding and non-islanding events which were generated by modeling standard IEEE 34-bus system using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The proposed scheme is capable to detect islanding condition rapidly even for perfect power balance situation for both synchronous and inverter based DGs. Furthermore, it remains stable during non-islanding events such as tripping of multiple DGs and different DG interconnection operating conditions. Therefore, the proposed scheme avoids nuisance tripping during diversified non-islanding events. At the end, comparison of the proposed scheme with the existing scheme clearly indicates its advantage over the existing scheme.

Integration of an induction machine based flywheel energy storage system with a wind energy conversion system is implemented in this paper. The nonlinear and linearized models of the flywheel are studied, compared and a reduced order model of the same simulated to analyze the influence of the flywheel inertia and control in system response during a wind power change. A quantification of the relation between the inertia of the flywheel and the controller gain is obtained which allows the system to be considered as a reduced order model that is more controllable in nature. A microgrid setup comprising of the flywheel energy storage system, a two mass model of a DFIG based wind turbine generator and a reduced order model of a diesel generator is utilized to analyse the microgrid dynamics accurately in the event of frequency variations arising due to wind power change. The response of the microgrid with and without the flywheel is studied.

Sudden changes in loading or configuration of an electrical network causes power swing which may result in an unwanted tripping of the distance relay. Hence, it becomes utmost necessary to rapidly and reliably discriminate between actual fault and power swing conditions in order to prevent instability in power network due to mal operation of distance relay. This paper proposes a novel method for the discrimination between fault and power swing based on rate of change of voltage and reactive power measured at relay location. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by simulating series of power swing conditions in PSCAD/EMTDC ® software for different disturbances such as change in mechanical power input to synchronous generator, tripping of parallel line due to fault and sudden application of heavy load. It is revealed that the distance relay gives successful tripping in case of different fault conditions and remains inoperative for power swing with the implementation of the proposed algorithm. Moreover, the proposed scheme has ability to distinguish the symmetrical and asymmetrical fault occurrence during power swing condition.

The stability and consistency of harmonic amplitude measurement is very important for power quality analysis and assessment. Some random factors may influence the measurement results in the real world, for example the initial sampling time. In this paper, we put this view a little forward, and prove that the amplitude errors with DFT method change periodically with the initial-sampling time, and DFT method “may” give relatively worse results, with the window which has better characteristics. To mitigate this random influence and to achieve more stable measurement precision, the well known shifting window average DFT, which is based on expectation calculation, is adopted. The effectiveness of this method and its recursive mode has been tested on several simulated signals and measured signals generated by Electrical Power Standards Fluke 6100A.

Perform Achieve Trade (PAT) is a market-based incentive mechanism to promote energy efficiency. The purpose of this work is to address the challenges inherent to inconsistent representation of business processes, and interoperability issues in PAT like cap-and-trade mechanisms especially when scaled. Studies by various agencies have highlighted that as the mechanism evolves including more industrial sectors and industries in its ambit, implementation will become more challenging. This paper analyses the major needs of PAT (namely tracking, monitoring, auditing & verifying energy-saving reports, and providing technical support & guidance to stakeholders); and how the aforesaid reasons affect them. Though current technologies can handle these challenges to an extent, standardization activities for implementation have been scanty for PAT and this work attempts to evolve them. The inconsistent modification of business processes, rules, and procedures across stakeholders, and interoperability among heterogeneous systems are addressed. This paper proposes the adoption of specifically two standards into PAT, namely Business Process Model and Notation for maintaining consistency in business process modelling, and Common Information Model (IEC 61970, 61968, 62325 combined) for information exchange. Detailed architecture and organization of these adoptions are reported. The work can be used by PAT implementing agencies, stakeholders, and standardization bodies.

Generation of electrical energy with renewable sources is interruptible due to the primary energy characteristics (sun, wind, hydro, etc.). In these cases, it is necessary to use energy storage so increasing penetrability of these sources connected to the distribution system. This paper discusses in details some equipment and accessories of an integrated power plant using fuel cell stack, electrolyzer and metal hydrides. During the plant operation were collected the power consumption data and established the efficiency of each plant component. These data demonstrated an overall efficiency of about 11% due to the low efficiencies of the commercial electrolyzers and power inverters used in the experiments.