Volume 9, Issue 1

This review distinguishes myco-nanotechnology using metallic nanoparticles (meta-NPs) synthesized from edible mushroom matter. Green chemistry approaches were attempted to myco-synthesize meta-NPs (viz., Ag-NP, Au-NP, Se-NP, CdS-NP, Fe-NP, Pa-NP, and ZnS-NP) via different routes using edible mushrooms and have been tested toward 79% biomedical and 21% industrial applications. Biomaterials were used as biofactors to form metallic NPs. In mushroom science, mycomaterials of mushrooms were used at different percentages to mycosynthesize in an ecofriendly/green way; mycomaterials such as crude extracts of basidocarp (53%), mycelial extract or free cell filtrate (28%), in crude form or in purified form such as polysaccharides at different percentages; 9% (especially glucan), proteins/enzymes (7%) and polysaccharides protein complex (3%) as new research lines. Generally, in this field of mushroom nanoparticles about 84% of mycosynthesized NPs using mushrooms are placed outside the fungal cell (extracellular) and 16% are intracellular in the mushroom hyphae. The knowledge of the performance and influence of meta-NPs in edible mushrooms has developed in the last 10 years. Generally, while Agaricus bisporus was the first to be used in agricultural production Pleurotus spp. has the highest use (38%) in the formation of mushroom NPs. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been biosynthesized more often in the fungi kingdom; also, Ag-NPs made up the largest part (64%) in the formation of nanoparticles in mushroom science. Mushroom meta-NPs usually have a spherical shape with sizes from 0.4 nm up to ≤300 nm but most of them are <75 nm. A few recent applications have affected the inhibition of the growth of human pathogenic bacteria by mushroom Ag-NPs in combination with antibiotics. Myco-synthesized meta-NPs using mushrooms, especially Ag-NPs, Au-NPs and Se-NPs, are potent against various cancer cell lines. Thus, these NPs can be used in numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Also, the transport of pharmaceutical drugs and biomaterials using NPs of edible mushrooms is considered a very undervalued and new application in the drug and gene fields. Mushroom meta-NPs were investigated for industrial applications such as inorganic NPs, carbon nanotubes and the treatment of waste as nano-biosorbents for the adsorption of toxic metals for cleaning the environment using eco-friendly natural materials for reducing the pollution of the environment in the future.

Fullerol compounds have potent antioxidant effects on biological systems. Therefore, we examined whether fullerol pretreatment potentiates the brain antioxidant defense system and decreases γ - glutamyl transpeptidase ( GGT ) expression during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Experiments were performed in three groups of rats: sham, control ischemic, and ischemic pretreatment groups. Brain ischemia was induced by 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Rats received fullerol nanoparticles (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 min before MCAO. Brain infarction, mRNA levels of GGT, glutathione content, and catalase activity were determined after 24 h reperfusion. MCAO induced extensive lesions in the right hemispheres of the control ischemic group (infarct volume 522±54 mm 3 ) and a concomitant reduction of the glutathione content (45%) and catalase activity (56%) compared to the sham group. Fullerol in the ischemic pretreatment group significantly decreased the infarct volume (133±62 mm 3 ) and also increased the activity of catalase by 53% compared to control. MCAO additionally increased the mRNA levels of GGT in ischemic hemispheres; however, fullerol considerably decreased the mRNA levels of this gene in the pretreatment group. The findings of the present study indicate that fullerol nanoparticles protect the ischemic brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury through potentiation of the antioxidant defense system and attenuation of GGT expression.

In the last decade, ferromagnetic nanoparticles that are able to be heated under an AMF (alternating magnetic field) have gained considerable interest in the field of nanotechnology. The current study explores the peculiarity of the synthesis and the properties of Fe 3 O 4 and (La, Sr)MnO 3 nanoparticles by cryochemical and sol-gel technology, as well the comparative analysis of biological activities of synthesized nanoparticles on different cell lines: the ST cell line (diploid epithelial swine testicular cell line) and the MCF-7S cell line (human breast cancer line). In the study, Fe 3 O 4 and (La, Sr)MnO 3 nanoparticles with superparamagnetic properties were synthesized, and magnetic fluids based on them that were efficiently heated when subjected to an AMF (specific loss power ~33–37 W/g) were prepared. It was observed that the temperature of magnetic fluids based on Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles increases linearly to the time of the AMF exposition, whereas for (La, Sr)MnO 3 -based fluid, it stabilizes within a given temperature range. It was shown that the nanoparticles of (La, Sr)MnO 3 , unlike Fe 3 O 4 , are characterized by low toxicity, antioxidant activity and the ability to influence on cell-virus interaction on normal cell lines (ST cell line). The possibility of the magnetic fluids obtained in this work to generate heat under the AMF exposition and the lack of side effects make them a potential means for magnetic hyperthermia.