Volume 8, Issue 3

The coordination chemistry of mercury is an extremelybroad field, as shown by a survey covering the crystallographic and structural data of over 550 examples. About 12% of those complexes exist as isomers and are summarised and classified in this review. Included are distortion (73%), polymerisation (20.6%), coordination number (3.2%) and ligand (3.2%) isomerism. These are discussed in terms of the coordination around the mercury atoms, and correlations are drawn between donor atoms, bond distances and bond angles. Distortion isomers, differing only by the degree of distortion in the Hg — L and L — Hg — L angles, are the most common. These isomers are discussed and compared with those found in the chemistry of zinc and cadmium.

Chromium trioxide forms an adduct with zwitterionic quinolinic acid. The structure of the product was found to be (quinolinium-3-carboxylato-O)trioxidochromium(VI), determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. To evaluate the bonding properties of the compound, its structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G* level of theory. The electronic characteristics were investigated by topological methods applied to the total charge density in various model compounds including the title compound, title compound with a HF molecule presenting a hydrogen bonding and anionic moiety. Calculated aromaticity indices indicate that the quinolinic rings tend to conserve their degree of aromaticity against hydrogen bonding. However, when there is hydrogen bonding involving an N-H bond or when the quinolinium zwitterion is deprotonated, there are clear changes in the interaction between chromium trioxide and the quinolinic moiety.

The mixed dissociation constants of methotrexate — chemically (2S)-2-[(4-{[(2,4-diamino-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl] (methyl)amino}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid (the cas number 59-05-2) at various ionic strengths I of range 0.01–0.4, and at temperatures of 25°C and 37°C, were determined with the use of two different multiwavelength and multivariate treatments of spectral data, SPECFIT32 and SQUAD(84) nonlinear regression analyses and INDICES factor analysis according to a general rule of first, determining the number of components, and then calculating the spectral responses and concentrations of the components. Concurrently, the experimental determination of the thermodynamic dissociation constants was in agreement with its computational prediction of the PALLAS programme based on knowledge of the chemical structures of the drug. The factor analysis in the INDICES programme predicts the correct number of light-absorbing components when the data quality is high and the instrumental error is known. Three thermodynamic dissociation constants were estimated by nonlinear regression of {pK a , I} data: for methotrexate pK a1T= 2.895(13), pK a2T= 4.410(14), pK a3T= 5.726(15) at 25°C and pK a1T= 3.089(15), pK a2T= 4.392(12), pK a3T= 5.585(11) at 37°C, where the figure in brackets is the standard deviation in last significant digits. The reliability of the dissociation constants of the drug were proven by conducting goodness-of-fit tests of the multiwavelength spectrophotometric pH-titration data.

It has been demonstrated that phenylcopper(I)-containing clusters are generated in the gas phase from bis(dibenzoylmethane) copper(II) (Cu(dbm)2) by laser desorption/ ionization (LDI) method. For example, the [Cu5dbm2(C6H5)2]+ ion can be considered as consisting of two Cudbm molecules, two CuC6H5 molecules and a Cu+ cation. The [Cu5(C6H5)4]+ ion can be considered as phenylcopper(I) cluster (consisting of four phenylcopper molecules) ionized by additional Cu+ cation. Results from MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) experiments have confirmed the presence of phenylcopper molecules in the analyzed clusters. Ease of preparation of dibenzoylmethane-metal complexes and straightforward method to obtain LDI mass spectra offer a wide range of possibilities to study similar organometallic clusters in the gas phase.

A model of electrode reaction complicated by slow adsorption of the reactant is developed for square-wave voltammetry with inverse scan direction. The relationship between the dimensionless net peak current and the logarithm of dimensionless rate constant of adsorption is a curve with a minimum and a maximum. For this reason the ratio of real net peak current and the square-root of frequency is a non-linear function of the logarithm of frequency and exhibits either a maximum or a minimum. The frequency of extreme serves for the estimation of the rate constant: log(k ads /D 1/2 ) = log(k*ads )crit + 0.5 log f crit , where (k*ads )crit is a critical dimensionless rate constant of adsorption. Square-wave voltammetry is sensitive to the kinetics of adsorption if k ads 2 cm s−1

In this work we perform a detailed analysis of the non-covalent effects that build the lattice of the [Fe(bpca)2][Er(NO3)3(H2O)4]NO3 compound, made of cationic d units [Fe(bpca)2]+,(where Hbpca is bis(2-pyridilcarbonyl)amine), neutral f complexes [Er(NO3)3(H2O)4], and the NO3- counter-ion. All these units are interlinked by hydrogen bonds, their assembling benefiting also from electrostatic effects. A particularly interesting sub-ensemble of the crystal is the linear chain formed by the lanthanide units. Going beyond the usual qualitative description of the supramolecular assembling, we performed electron structure calculations on appropriate models related to the experimental structures. The formation energies of d and f coordination bonds are estimated in semi-quantitative manner, being compared with the intermolecular ones, due to hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions.

This study presents the results obtained from qualitative and quantitative analysis of gallic acid from hydro-alcoholic extracts (methanol, ethanol) of plants from Plantae regnum. Plant qualitative analysis was performed using a novel mass spectrometric (MS) method based on fully automated chip-nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high capacity ion trap (HCT) while quantitative analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods were applied to Alchemilla vulgaris — common lady’s-mantle (aerial part), Allium ursinum — bear’s garlic (leaves), Acorus calamus — common sweet flag (roots), Solidago virga-aurea — goldenrod (aerial part). Obtained results indicated that methanol extracts (96%, 80%) have a gallic acid content ranging between 0.0011–0.0576 mg mL−1 extract while the ethanol extracts (96%, 60%) exhibit a gallic acid concentration that varies between 0.0010–0.0182 mg mL−1 extract.

The surfactant to dye binding degree (SBDB) methodology was used to determine fluvoxamine maleate and citalopram hydrobromide. Neutral red and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used as the dye and surfactant, respectively, to form dye-surfactant aggregates. When a cationic drug is added to dye-surfactant mixture, it interacts with the surfactant and decreases the dye-surfactant binding degree. This decrease is proportional to the drug concentration. This was measured by monitoring the absorbance changes of the dye at 532 nm. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear over the range of 1.2–15 μg mL−1 and 1.1–15 μg mL−1 for fluvoxamine maleate and citalopram hydrobromide, respectively. The detection limits (signal to noise ratio = 3) were found to be 0.37 and 0.35 μg mL−1, for fluvoxamine maleate and citalopram hydrobromide, respectively.

Three new copper(II) complex compounds with chlorhexidine diacetate as a ligand have been prepared and characterized by elemental and thermogravimetrical analyses, molar conductances, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infrared, electronic and EPR spectra. The complexes correspond to the formulas: [Cu2(CHX)Cl4]·2C2H5OH, [Cu2(CHX)Br4]·2C2H5OH and [Cu2(CHX)(CH3COO)2] (CH3COO)2·2C2H5OH, where CHX = chlorhexidine, their composition and stereochemistry depending on the reaction conditions and the metal salt used. Chlorhexidine acts as neutral tetradentate NNNN donor, coordinating through the four imine nitrogen atoms. Investigations on antimicrobial activity in vitro show that all the complexes are active against the tested microorganisms, the complex with chloride being more active against Gram negative bacteria than chlorhexidine diacetate..

Four novel thiourea derivatives containing a thiazole moiety were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The crystal structure of 1a was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell dimensions a = 11.7752(6) Å, b= 3.8677(2) Å, c= 27.4126(13) Å and β = 92.734(5) Å. There is a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond of the type N-H⋯O, with H⋯O distance of 2.5869(19) Å. The mass fragmentation pattern has also been discussed. The antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was studied by broth micro-dilution method and poisoned food technique. The compounds 1b and 1c possessed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity.

A kinetic spectrophotometric method for hydrazine determination in the range of 9.36×10−7 to 4.37×10−5 mol dm−3, based on the inhibitory effect of hydrazine on the oxidation of Victoria Blue 4- R by KBrO3, was developed and validated. Kinetic parameters are reported for both the indicating and the inhibiting reaction. The detection limit was established as 9.98×10−8 mol dm−3. The selectivity of the proposed method was tested considering the influence of different ions that may be present in real samples. The method was successfully applied for hydrazine determination in various samples (very pure water from the water-steam system of a power plant and Isoniazid tablets, a pharmaceutical product). The novel kinetic spectrophotometric method proposed was found to have satisfactory analytical characteristics as well as being widely applicable due to its simplicity and speed.

The potential energy surface (PES) of tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine (YGG) tripeptide in solution was explored using EDMC (Electrostatically Driven Monte Carlo) and in the gas-phase by means of ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The theoretical computational analysis revealed that this tripeptide possesses a significant molecular flexibility. A C7 backbone conformation was the most energetically preferred for the central Gly residue, using both methodologies. Some new stable conformers that have not been previously reported were identified in the gas phase as well. This study points out the interplay of backbone and side-chain contributions in determining the relative stabilities of energy minima. In addition, the peptide backbone of YGG was compared with other small peptides containing aromatic side-chains (Phe-Gly-Gly and Trp-Gly-Gly). The comparison with experimental X-ray results was also satisfactory.

New multifunctional PEG-grafted chitosan copolymers possessing both amino and carboxyl (4) or formyl (5) groups were synthesized by the grafting reaction method between chitosan and heterobifunctional PEG from anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. Completion of the reactions and characterization of the resulting polymers were demonstrated by 1H NMR, FT-IR and GPC studies. The multifunctional polymers may have potential utility in gene/drug co-delivery or heterogeneous catalysis.

Proton transfer reactions rates between carbon acids 1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane (NPNE), 2-methyl-1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propane (MNPNP)) and phosphazenes (BEMP, BTPP, P1-t-Oct) in tetrahydrofuran have been measured, and the activation parameters were determined. The results are compared with those previously obtained for P1-t-Bu phosphazene, guanidines and amidines.

The equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of a series of SWCNTs doped with a silicon atom were studied by using density function theory (DFT). The most stable doping site of silicon predicted at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level was located near the boundary of the SWCNTs. The energy gaps of (3,3) C48, (3,3) C60 and (3,3) C72 were respectively decreased by 0.43, 0.25 and 0.14 eV after doping. Based on the B3LYP/6-31G(d) optimized geometries, the electronic spectra of the doped SWCNTs were computed using the INDO/CIS method. The first UV absorption at 973.9 nm of (5,5)-Si(L) (C59Si) compared with that at 937.5 nm of (5,5) (C60) was red-shifted. The 13C NMR spectra and nuclear independent chemical shifts (NICS) of the doped SWCNTs were investigated at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The chemical shift at 119.4 of the carbon atom bonded with the silicon atom in (3,3)-Si(L) (C59Si) in comparison with that at 144.1 of the same carbon atom in (3,3) (C60) moved upfield. The tendency of the aromaticity (NICS = −0.1) for (3,3)-Si(H) (C47Si) with respect to that of the anti-aromaticity (NICS = 6.0) for (3,3) (C48) was predicted.

Sample preparation methods for non-separation cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) sequential inorganic mercury speciation in biological certified reference materials (CRMs) were investigated. The methylmercury concentration was calculated as the difference between total and inorganic mercury. Microwave-assisted decomposition method, and three ultrasonic extraction procedures based on acid leaching with HCl and HCOOH and solubilization with TMAH were employed as sample preparation methods. The replacement of a sample decomposition procedure by extraction prior to analysis by CVAAS, as well as the aspect of speciation analysis is discussed. The limits of detection in the sample were determined as 50 and 10 ng L−1 for inorganic and total mercury, which corresponds to absolute detection limits of 40 and 8 ng g−1 for inorganic and total mercury, respectively. The results were in good agreement with the 95% confidence level t-test of the certified values for total and inorganic mercury in the reference materials investigated. From the analysis of the CRMs, it was evident that the difference between the total and inorganic mercury concentrations agrees with the methylmercury concentration. The relative standard deviation was better than 11% for most of the samples.

A sensitive and convenient method for the determination of trace europium ions using an oscillating chemical reaction involving Ce(IV) - KBrO3 - acetone - oxalic acid - H2SO4 was proposed. The results indicated that the changes in oscillating period (T) was linearly proportional to the negative logarithmic concentration of Eu3+ (-log C) in the range of 1.41 × 10−8 ˜ 1.41 × 10−4 mol L−1 (r = 0.9982) with a detection limit of 1.04 × 10−9 mol L−1. The recoveries were limited to the range of 99.5% to 100.8%. Under the same conditions, other rare earth ions did not interfere with the determination of Eu3+. In addition, a perturbation mechanism was also discussed briefly.

The paper describes a method of voltammetric determination of antioxidants in lubricating oils developed with the use of Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Fast Scan Differential Pulse Voltammetry (FSDPV). Experimental conditions have been found for simultaneous determination of phenol-based antioxidants and amino-antioxidants: the phenols can be electrochemically oxidized using the polarisation of gold disc electrode (AuDE) in the potential range of 0–1400 mV in 0.2 M H2SO4 in the presence of ethanol and acetonitrile at the ratio of 3:1. Secondary aromatic amines can be determined directly in this supporting electrolyte; the presence of phenolic antioxidants does not interfere with this analysis. On the other hand, secondary aromatic amines interfere with the determination of phenolic substances; therefore, the amines present have to be eliminated in a suitable way. A procedure for masking the aromatic amines using their reaction with nitrous acid has been suggested and optimised. The nitrosamines thus formed can be used for sensitive and selective determination of amino-antioxidants by means of cathodic reduction on the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) using Fast Scan Differential Pulse Voltammetry. The method was applied in analysis of real samples of lubricating oils.

A rapid dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) methodology based on the application of 1-hexylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [C6py][PF6] ionic liquid (IL) as an extractant solvent was applied for the pre-concentration of trace levels of cobalt prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP) was employed as a chelator forming a Co-PMBP complex to extract cobalt ions from aqueous solution into the fine droplets of [C6py][PF6]. Some effective factors that influence the micro-extraction efficiency include the pH, the PMBP concentration, the amount of ionic liquid, the ionic strength, the temperature and the centrifugation time which were investigated and optimized. In the optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection (3s) and the enrichment factor were 0.70 µg L−1 and 60, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate determinations of 50 µg L−1 Co was 2.36%. The calibration graph using the pre-concentration system was linear at levels 2–166 µg L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the determination of trace amounts of cobalt in several water samples.

Time stability, acid-base and UV-VIS spectral properties of dihydrochelerythrine (DHCHE) were studied spectrophotometrically in water:methanol and water:ethanol media. DHCHE is stable in strongly acid milieu (pH HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and their mixtures. Remarkable shifts of formation parts of absorbance-pH (A-pH) curves to the alkaline medium were observed depending on the type and concentration of inert electrolyte (most remarkable for HNO3 and HCl). The corresponding equilibrium constants pKR+ of the transition reaction between charged iminium Q+ and uncharged QOH (pseudo-base, 6-hydroxy-dihydro derivative) forms of chelerythine were calculated using a numerical interpretation of A-pH curves by a SQUAD-G computer program which ranged from 8.51–9.31. The highest changes of ΔpK R+ (0.75 and 0.53) were observed for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively. The priority effect of ionic species and ionic strength was confirmed in the presence of additions of NaCl and KCl. The strength of interaction of CHE with biomacromolecular compounds (i.e., peptides, proteins, nucleic acids etc.) may be affected because of the observed influence of both cation and anion of the inert electrolyte on acid-base behavior.

We report on the synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using a novel sonochemical method without requiring any pH adjustment. Synthesized material was identified as tetragonal hausmannite crystal structure model of Mn3O4 from XRD analysis. Crystallite size was estimated from x-ray line profile fitting to be 17±5 nm. FTIR analysis revealed stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination confirming the crystal structure. TEM analysis revealed a dominantly cubic morphology of NPs with an average size of ∼20 nm. Magnetic evaluation revealed a blocking temperature, T B of 40 K above which the material behaves paramagnetic. Asymmetric coercive field is attributed to the interaction between ferromagnetic Mn3O4 and antiferromagnetic Mn oxide at the surface of nanoparticles.

This paper presents the synthesis of complex compounds of type [M(L1)2], where M(II)= Cu (1), Co (2), Zn (3), L1=2-aminothiazole-4-acetate and [Mn(L1)2(H2O)] (4) using ethyl 2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl) acetate (L), and characterization by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibilities, IR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and for [Mn(L1)2(H2O)] also by X-ray diffraction. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed on human cervix adenocarcinoma, HeLa cells. The antitumor selectivity was assessed using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC as control.

The present work reports the synthesis, characterization and performance of a new zinc(II) complex of [Zn(C3H7-bim)2Br2] (bim = benzimidazole) as electrocatalyst for trichloroacetic acid and bromate reduction. Its structure was characterized by X-ray crystallography, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The zinc atom adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry by coordinating to two bromine atoms and two nitrogen atoms from two 1-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole ligands. The electrochemical behavior and electrocatalysis of the zinc complex bulk-modified carbon paste electrode (Zn-CPE) have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The Zn-CPE shows good electrocatalytic activities toward the reduction of trichloroacetic acid and bromate. The detection limit and the sensitivity are 0.05 μM, 67.43 μA μM−1 for trichloroacetic acid detection, and 0.02 μM, 69.94 μA μM−1 for bromate detection, respectively. This modified electrode shows good reproducibility, high stability, low detection limit, technical simplicity and possibility of rapid preparation, which is important for practical applications.

The reaction of metals and glassy carbon with benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (BDFB) in aprotic solvents has been studied. During contact of Pt, Au, Ag, Pd, or V with glassy carbon in concentrated diazonium salt solution no change of color was observed. For Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Mg, Li, Na, or Zn the process was accompanied by a rapid solution color change, rapid N2 release and the loss of metal sample mass. The copper metal ionization-dissolution was studied by ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, along with gravimetric and volumetric measurements. A dissolution mechanism was proposed based on kinetic, infrared, and X-ray diffraction data. The 432 nm absorption band appearing after Cu-BDFB reaction indicates formation of the mixed complex [Cu(N2C6H5·(N≡C-CH3)3]+ where the copper atom is covalently bonded to the azophenyl radical and coordinated to acetonitrile (ACN). This complex is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes slowly to a colorless crystalline and a black amorphous phase. The crystalline phase was identified as [Cu(NC-CH3)4]BF4. The amorphous phase is a mixture of products formed by azophenyl and phenyl radical condensation.

The potential of modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (a solid-phase extraction sorbent), for the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of lead, cadmium and nickel; has been investigated. Lead, cadmium and nickel, were adsorbed quantitatively; on modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (in the pH range of 2–4). Parameters influencing, the simultaneous preconcentration of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions (such as pH of the sample, sample and eluent flow rate, type and volume of elution solution and interfering ions), have been examined and optimized. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the detection limits of this method. for Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions, were 0.32, 0.17 and 0.04 ng mL−1 in original solution, respectively. Seven replicate determinations, of a mixture of 2.0 μg mL−1 lead and nickel, and 1.0 μg mL−1 cadmium; gave a mean absorbance of 0.074, 0.151 and 0.310, with relative standard deviation 1.7%, 1.5% and 1.2%, respectively. The method has been applied, to the determination of trace amounts of lead, cadmium and nickel; in biological and water samples, with satisfactory results.

Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acid (LBA) catalysis was proposed for the iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with chalcones. This proposal was supported by the ESI-MS and cyclic voltammetry. The addition of acac to the iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with chalcones created a powerful catalytic system, which makes the alkylation reactions occur easily under mild conditions.

The ability of new chelate ligands, benzoxazol-5-yl-alanine derivatives substituted in position 2 by heteroaromatic substituent, to form complexes with selected metal ions in acetonitrile are studied by means of absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Among the ligands studied, only azaaromatic derivatives form stable complexes with transition metal ions in the ground state. Their absorption bands are bathochromically shifted enabling to use those ligands as ratiometric sensors. The fluorescence of each ligand is quenched by metal ions, however, in the presence of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions a new red shifted emission band is observed.

In this paper, we describe how to prepare a highly selective imprinted polymer by a bulk polymerization technique. We used tramadol as the template, (MAA) as functional monomers, and (EGDMA) as the cross-linker in chloroform as solvent. Results from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) show that this imprinted sorbent exhibits good recognition and high affinity for tramadol. Selectivity of molecularly imprinted polympers (MIP) was evaluated by comparing several substances with similar molecular structures to that of tramadol. Controlled release of tramadol from MIPs was investigated through in vitro dissolution tests and by measuring the absorbance at λmax of 272 nm by (HPLC-UV). The dissolution media employed were hydrochloric acid pH 3.0 and phosphate buffers, pH 5.0 and 7.4, maintained at 37 and 25 ± 0.5°C. The results show the ability of MIP polymers to control tramadol release. In all cases, the release of MIPs was deferred for a longer time as compared to NMIP. At a pH of 7.4 and 25°C slower release of tramadol imprinted polymer occurred.

This work assesses the potential of an adsorptive material, Dowex 50w-x8, for the separation of indium ions from cadmium ions in aqueous media. The adsorption behavior of Dowex 50 w-x8 for indium and cadmium ions was investigated. The effect of pH, initial concentration of metal ions, the weight of resins, and contact time on the sorption of each of the metal ions were determined. It was found that the adsorption percentage of the indium ions was more than 99% at pH 4.0. The result shows that In (III) was most strongly extracted, while Cd(II) was slightly extracted at this pH value. The recovery of In(III) and Cd(II) ions is around 98% using hydrochloric acid as the best eluent.

A small-scale, simple, and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure in combination with fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS) with charge-coupled device (CCD) detector has been developed, with benefits from the use of a micro-cell. The official reference methods (ASTM D2330 - 02, ISO 7875-1), which require tedious procedures, were replaced with a modified method. The new method provides a major reduction in sample size, elimination of the use of expensive glassware, and a decrease in the quantity of chloroform used, as well as increased sensitivity. Our method requires only one twentieth of the sample (5.0 mL), and less than one three-hundredth of microextraction solvent (chloroform = 138 µL). It provides a faster analysis time than official analytical methods (less than one minute). The calibration curve was linear in the range of 6–80 µg g L−1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with a correlation coefficient (r) of better than 0.99 and the LOD was 2 µg L−1. The repeatability of the proposed method (n=7) was found to be 4.5% and 3.6% for the concentrations of 0.03 and 0.07 mg L−1, respectively. The enrichment factor was found to be 75 for SDS.