Clauses

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents ix
3. Introduction 1
4. I. The Traditional Parts of Speech
5. Nouns 13
6. Traditional Classifications 19
7. Properties of Nouns 23
8. Plurals 25
9. Case 29
10. Agent and Recipient Nouns 32
11. Conversions 33
12. Pronouns 36
13. Definition and Uses 36
14. Properties of Pronouns 38
15. Classes of Pronouns 42
16. Personal Pronouns 42
17. Possessive Pronouns 47
18. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 48
19. Demonstrative Pronouns 49
20. Reciprocal Pronouns 50
21. Interrogative Pronouns 51
22. Relative Pronouns 52
23. Indefinite Pronouns 56
24. Adjectives 58
25. Types of Adjectives 58
26. Articles as Limiting Adjectives 61
27. Dates as Adjectives 63
28. Position of Adjectives 64
29. Degrees of Adjectives 66
30. Special Types of Adjectives 68
31. Functional Variation 70
32. Verbs 71
33. Definitions 71
34. Infinitives 84
35. Participles and Gerunds 86
36. Properties of Verbs 90
37. Auxiliary Verbs 121
38. Adverbs 127
39. Definition and Formation 127
40. Simple vs. Compound Adverbs 128
41. Types of Adverbs 130
42. Adverbial Degrees 133
43. Position of Adverbs 134
44. Prepositions 139
45. Definition and Types 139
46. Prepositional Phrases 141
47. Other Prepositional Issues 143
48. Limiting Prepositional Phrases 144
49. Conjunctions 146
50. Interjections 152
51. II. Syntax
52. Sentences, Clauses, and Their Patterns 157
53. The Four Traditional Types of Sentence Structures 159
54. English Sentence Patterns 160
55. Clauses 165
56. Ellipsis 167
57. Negation 169
58. Expletives 173
59. Parallelism 175
60. Cleft Sentences 178
61. Traditional Sentence Diagramming 181
62. Transformational Grammar 195
63. Overview 195
64. Base Rules in Transformational Grammar 196
65. Nouns and Noun Phrases 197
66. Determiners 198
67. Noun-Phrase Modifiers 199
68. Verb Phrases 200
69. Different Types of Principal Verbs 202
70. Adverbials 203
71. Transformations 205
72. Spotting Ambiguities 207
73. III. Word Formation
74. Generally 213
75. IV. Word Usage
76. Introduction 223
77. Troublesome Words and Phrases 225
78. Bias-Free Language 324
79. Prepositional Idioms 329
80. V. Punctuation
81. The Comma 345
82. Using Commas 347
83. Preventing Misused Commas 351
84. The Semicolon 357
85. Using Semicolons 357
86. Preventing Misused Semicolons 359
87. The Colon 361
88. Using Colons 361
89. Preventing Misused Colons 364
90. Parentheses 365
91. Using Parentheses 365
92. Preventing Misused Parentheses 368
93. The Em-Dash (or Long Dash) 369
94. Using Em-Dashes 369
95. Preventing Misused Em-Dashes 371
96. The En-Dash (or Short Dash) 373
97. Using En-Dashes 373
98. Preventing Misused En-Dashes 373
99. The Hyphen 375
100. Using Hyphens 375
101. Preventing Misused Hyphens 378
102. The Apostrophe 380
103. Using Apostrophes 380
104. Preventing Misused Apostrophes 381
105. Quotation Marks 382
106. Using Quotation Marks 382
107. Preventing Misused Quotation Marks 385
108. The Question Mark 386
109. Using Question Marks 386
110. Preventing Misused Question Marks 386
111. The Exclamation Mark 387
112. Using Exclamation Marks 387
113. Preventing Misused Exclamation Marks 387
114. The Period 388
115. Using Periods 388
116. Preventing Misused Periods 389
117. Brackets 390
118. Using Brackets 390
119. Preventing Misused Brackets 391
120. The Slash (Virgule) 392
121. Using Slashes 392
122. Preventing Misused Slashes 393
123. Bullets 394
124. Ellipsis Dots 396
125. Using Ellipsis Dots 396
126. Preventing Misused Ellipsis Dots 398
127. Select Glossary 401
128. Sources for Inset Quotations 491
129. Select Bibliography 497
130. Acknowledgments 507
131. Word Index 509
132. General Index 543
133. Pronunciation Guide 583