Home Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions

  • K. Dutta , S. Das and P. P. Kundu
Published/Copyright: August 12, 2014
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

One of the most commonly used vegetable oil plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). On the contrary, epoxidized palm oil is among the least used, because of its low compatibility with PVC. This work reports that epoxidized and esterified palm kernel oil (EEPKO) has the potential to be used as a plasticizer for PVC. In this study, it was found that a maximum of 65 phr of EEPKO could be incorporated within the PVC resin. In addition, subjecting this EEPKO plasticized PVC (p-PVC) at a processing temperature of 200 °C resulted in much reduced plasticizer loss. EEPKO lowers the glass transition temperature of PVC from 79 °C to −23 °C. The optimum mechanical properties, namely tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness, were obtained for p-PVC processed at 200 °C.


* Mail address: Patit Paban Kundu, Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India, E-mail:

References

Agarwal, D. K., Lawrence, W. H., Turner, J. E. and Autian, J., “Effects of Parenteral Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on Gonadal Biochemistry, Pathology, and Reproductive Performance of Mice”, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 26, 3959 (1989)10.1080/15287398909531232Search in Google Scholar

ASTM D 2240-00, Shore Hardness Testing of Plastics (2000)Search in Google Scholar

ASTM D 5227-01, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hexane Extractable Content of Polyolefins (2001)Search in Google Scholar

Badri, K. H., Ahmad, S. H. and Zakaria, S., “Production of a High-Functionality RBD Palm Kernel Oil-Based Polyester Polyol”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, 384389 (2001) 10.1002/app.1449Search in Google Scholar

Baltacioglu, H., Balköse, D., “Effect of Zinc Stearate and/or Epoxidized Soybean Oil on Gelation and Thermal Stability of PVC-DOP Plastigels”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74, 24882498 (1999) 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991205)74:10<2488::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-BSearch in Google Scholar

Beirnes, K. J., Burns, C. M., “Thermal Analysis of the Glass Transition of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride)”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 31, 25612567 (1986) 10.1002/app.1986.070310815Search in Google Scholar

Benaniba, M. T., Belhaneche-Bensemra, N. and Gelbard, G., “Stabilizing Effect of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil on the Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinyl chloride)”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 74, 501505 (2001) 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00170-7Search in Google Scholar

Benecke, H. P., Vijayendran, B. R. and Elhard, J. D., U.S. Patent 6 797 753 B2 (2004)Search in Google Scholar

Bouchareb, B., Benaniba, M. T., “Effects of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil on the Mechanical and Dynamical Analysis of the Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride)”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 107, 34423450 (2008) 10.1002/app.27458Search in Google Scholar

Boudhani, H., Lainé, C., Fulchiron, R. and Cassagnau, P., “Rheology and Gelation Kinetics of PVC Plastisols”, Rheol. Acta, 46, 825838 (2007) 10.1007/s00397-006-0157-4Search in Google Scholar

BS 746, Appendix E, Test methods E.1, E.2, E.3 and E.4. Accelerated Ageing, Loss of Mass and Non-Contamination Tests (1976)Search in Google Scholar

Bueno-Ferrer, C., Garrigós, M. C. and Jiménez, A., “Characterization and Thermal Stability of Poly(vinyl chloride) Plasticized with Epoxidized Soybean Oil for Food Packaging”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 95, 22072212 (2010) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.027Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, I., McConnell, G., “Chlorinated Paraffins and the Environment. 1. Environmental Occurrence”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 12091214 (1980) 10.1021/es60170a001Search in Google Scholar

Demertzis, P. G., Riganakos, K. A. and Akrida-Demertzi, K., “Gas Chromatographic Studies on Polymer-Plasticizer Compatibility: Interactions Between Food-Grade PVC and Epoxidized Soybean Oil”, Eur. Polym. J., 27, 231235 (1991) 10.1016/0014-3057(91)90098-9Search in Google Scholar

Erythropel, H. C., Marić, M. and Cooper, D. G., “Designing Green Plasticizers: Influence of Molecular Geometry on Biodegradation and Plasticization Properties”, Chemosphere, 86, 759766 (2012) 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.054Search in Google Scholar

Fenollar, O., Garćia, D., Sánchez, L., López, J. and Balart, R., “Optimization of the Curing Conditions of PVC Plastisols Based on the Use of an Epoxidized Fatty Acid Ester Plasticizer”, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 26742684 (2009) 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.05.029Search in Google Scholar

Fong, M. N. F., Salimon, J., “Epoxidation of Palm Kernel Oil Fatty Acids”, J. Sci. Technol., 4, 8798 (2012)Search in Google Scholar

Gall, R. J., Greenspan, F. P., “Epoxy Compounds from Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters”, Ind. Eng. Chem., 47, 147148 (1955) 10.1021/ie50541a045Search in Google Scholar

Gan, L. H., Ooi, K. S., Goh, S. H., Gan, L. M. and Leong, Y. C., “Epoxidized Esters of Palm Olein as Plasticizers for Poly(vinylchloride)”, Eur. Polym. J., 31, 719724 (1995) 10.1016/0014-3057(95)00031-3Search in Google Scholar

García, J. C., Marcilla, A., “Rheological Study of the Influence of the Plasticizer Concentration in the Gelation and Fusion Processes of PVC Plastisols”, Polymer, 39, 35073514 (1998) 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00297-8Search in Google Scholar

Gibbons, W. S., Kusy, R. P., “Effects of Plasticization on the Dielectric Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride) Membranes”, Thermochim. Acta., 284, 2145 (1996) 10.1016/0040-6031(96)02933-4Search in Google Scholar

Gil, N., Saska, M. and Negulescu, I., “Evaluation of the Effects of Biobased Plasticizers on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 102, 13661373 (2006) 10.1002/app.24132Search in Google Scholar

Goh, S. H., Choo, Y. M. and Ong, S. H., “Minor Constituents of Palm Oil”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 62, 237240 (1985) 10.1007/BF02541384Search in Google Scholar

Hammarling, L., Gustavsson, H., Svensson, K., Karlsson, S. and Oskarsson, A., “Migration of Epoxidized Soya Bean Oil from Plasticized PVC Gaskets into Baby Food”, Food Addit. Contam., 15, 203208 (1998) 10.1080/02652039809374631Search in Google Scholar

Hong, P.-D., Huang, H.-T., “Effect of Polymer-Solvent Interaction on Gelation of Polyvinyl Chloride Solutions”, Eur. Polym. J., 35, 21552164 (1999) 10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00023-3Search in Google Scholar

Horn, O., Nalli, S., Cooper, D. and Nicell, J., “Plasticizer Metabolites in the Environment”, Water Res., 38, 36933698 (2004) 10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.012Search in Google Scholar

ISO 527-2, Tensile Testing of Moulding and Extrusion Plastics (2012)Search in Google Scholar

Karmalm, P., Hjertberg, T., Jansson, A. and Dahl, R., “Thermal Stability of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Epoxidised Soybean Oil as Primary Plasticizer”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 94, 22752281 (2009a) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.019Search in Google Scholar

Karmalm, P., Hjertberg, T., Jansson, A., Dahl, R. and Ankner, K., “Network Formation by Epoxidised Soybean Oil in Plastisol Poly-(vinylchloride)”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 94, 19861990 (2009b) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.029Search in Google Scholar

Kastner, J., Cooper, D. G., Marić, M., Dodd, P. and Yargeau, V., “Aqueous Leaching of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate and “Green” Plasticizers from Poly (vinyl chloride)”, Sci. Total Environ., 432, 357364 (2012) 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.014Search in Google Scholar

Kwak, S.-Y., “Structural Changes of PVC Plastisols in Progress of Gelation and Fusion as Investigated with Temperature-Dependent Viscoelasticity, Morphology, and Light Scattering”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 55, 16831690 (1995a) 10.1002/app.1995.070551208Search in Google Scholar

Kwak, S.-Y., “In Situ, Quantitative Characterization of Gelation and Fusion Mechanism in Poly(vinyl chloride) Plastisols by Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS)”, Polym. Eng. Sci., 35, 11061112 (1995b) 10.1002/pen.760351306Search in Google Scholar

Lau, O.-W., Wong, S.-K., “Contamination in Food from Packaging Material”, J. Chromatogr. A, 882, 255270 (2000) 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00356-3Search in Google Scholar

Lee, J. H., Park, C. W. and Noh, I., “Thermal Stabilization of PVC in Non-Toxic Stabilizer Systems. 4. Thermal Stabilization by PEG and Epoxidized Soybean Oil System”, Polym. Korea, 19, 543550 (1995)Search in Google Scholar

López, J., Balart, R. and Jiménez, A., “Influence of Crystallinity in the Curing Mechanism of PVC Plastisols”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 91, 538544 (2004) 10.1002/app.13122Search in Google Scholar

Man, Y. B. C., Hussin, W. R. W., “Comparison of the Frying Performance of Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Olein and Coconut Oil”, J. Food Lipids, 5, 197210 (1998) 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1998.tb00120.xSearch in Google Scholar

Marcilla, A., García, J. C., “Rheological Study of PVC Plastisols during Gelation and Fusion”, Eur. Polym. J., 33, 349355 (1997a) 10.1016/S0014-3057(96)00131-0Search in Google Scholar

Marcilla, A., García, J. C., “Theoretical Model for the Gelation and Fusion Mechanisms of PVC Plastisols Based on Rheological Measurements”, Eur. Polym. J., 33, 357363 (1997b) 10.1016/S0014-3057(96)00131-0Search in Google Scholar

Marcilla, A., García, J. C., “Qualitative Model for Viscoelastic Measurement during Gelation and Fusion of PVC Plastisols”, Eur. Polym. J., 34, 13411348 (1998) 10.1016/S0014-3057(97)00256-5Search in Google Scholar

Navarro, R., Perrino, M. P., Tardajos, M. G. and Reinecke, H., “Phthalate Plasticizers Covalently Bound to PVC: Plasticization with Suppressed Migration”, Macromolecules, 43, 23772381 (2010) 10.1021/ma902740tSearch in Google Scholar

Ovchinnikov, Y. V., Tetel'Baum, B. Y. and Maklakov, A. J., “Effects of Aging and Temperature on Changes in the States of Poly(vinylchloride)-Plasticizer Systems”, Vysokomol. Soedin. Ser. A, 13, 24222428 (1971)Search in Google Scholar

Rosli, W. D. W., Kumar, R. N., Zah, S. M. and Hilmi, M. M., “UV Radiation Curing of Epoxidized Palm Oil-Cycloaliphatic Diepoxide System Induced by Cationic Photoinitiators for Surface Coatings”, Eur. Polym. J., 39, 593600 (2003) 10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00241-0Search in Google Scholar

Satue, M. T., Huang, S.-W. and Frankel, E. N., “Effect of Natural Antioxidants in Virgin Olive Oil on Oxidative Stability of Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized Olive Oil”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 11311137 (1995) 10.1007/BF02540978Search in Google Scholar

Sears, J. K., Darby, J. R.: The Technology of Plasticizers, Wiley, New York (1982)Search in Google Scholar

Semsarzadeh, M. A., Mehrabzadeh, M. and Arabshahi, S. S., “Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of the Dioctyl Phthalate Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride-Epoxidized Soya Bean Oil”, Eur. Polym. J., 38, 351358 (2002) 10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00168-9Search in Google Scholar

Shea, K. M., “Pediatric Exposure and Potential Toxicity of Phthalate Plasticizers”, Pediatrics, 111, 14671474 (2003) 10.1542/peds.111.6.1467Search in Google Scholar

Staples, C. A., Peterson, D. R., Parkerton, T. F. and Adams, W. J., “The Environmental Fate of Phthalate Esters: A Literature Review”, Chemosphere, 35, 667749 (1997) 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00195-1Search in Google Scholar

Starnes, W. H., Du, B., Kim, S., Zaikov, V. G., Ge, X. L. and Culyba, E. K.Thermal Stabilization and Plasticization of Poly(vinylchloride) by Ester Thiols: Update and Current Status”, Thermochim. Acta, 442, 7880 (2006) 10.1016/j.tca.2006.01.018Search in Google Scholar

Storey, R. F., Mauritz, K. A. and Cox, B. D., “Diffusion of Various Dialkyl Phthalate Plasticizers in PVC”, Macromolecules, 22, 289294 (1989) 10.1021/ma00191a053Search in Google Scholar

Tawfik, S. Y., Asaad, J. N. and Sabaa, M. W., “Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Flexible Poly (vinyl chloride) Mixed with Some Saturated Polyesters”, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 91, 385392 (2006) 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.041Search in Google Scholar

Tickner, J. A., Schettler, T., Guidotti, T., McCally, M. and Rossi, M., “Health Risks Posed by Use of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in PVC Medical Devices: A Critical Review”, Am. J. Ind. Med., 39, 100111 (2001) 10.1002/1097-0274(200101)39:1<100::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-QSearch in Google Scholar

Treinen, K. A., Heindel, J. J., “Evidence that MEHP Inhibits Rat Granulosa Cell Function by a Protein Kinase C-Independent Mechanism”, Reprod. Toxicol., 6, 143148 (1992) 10.1016/0890-6238(92)90116-BSearch in Google Scholar

Tsumura, Y., Ishimitsu, S., Kaihara, A., Yoshii, K., Nakamura, Y. and Tonogai, Y., “Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Contamination of Retail Packed Lunches Caused by PVC Gloves used in the Preparation of Foods”, Food Addit. Contam., 18, 569579 (2001) 10.1080/02652030010028344Search in Google Scholar

Tsumura, Y., Ishimitsu, S., Kaihara, A., Yoshii, K. and Tonogai, Y., “Phthalates, Adipates, Citrate and Some of the Other Plasticizers Detected in Japanese Retail Foods: A Survey”, J. Health Sci., 48, 493502 (2002) 10.1248/jhs.48.493Search in Google Scholar

Wang, G., Chen, Y., “Test Methods for Gelation of PVC Plastisol”, Polym. Test., 10, 315324 (1991) 10.1016/0142-9418(91)90025-SSearch in Google Scholar

Warren, J. R., Lalwani, N. D. and Reddy, J. K., “Phthalate Esters as Peroxisome Proliferator Carcinogens”, Environ. Health Perspect., 45, 3540 (1982) 10.1289/ehp.824535Search in Google Scholar

Young, F. V. K., “Palm Kernel and Coconut Oils: Analytical Characteristics, Process Technology and Uses”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 374379 (1983) 10.1007/BF02543521Search in Google Scholar

Yousef, E. A. A., Hussain, A. E. and Shoeb, Z. E., “Modification of Castor Oil by Isomerization, Halogenation and Application of Some Modified Products as Plasticizer in Nitrile Rubber Formulations”, J. Sci. Ind. Res., 60, 383395 (2001)Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2013-11-19
Accepted: 2014-04-24
Published Online: 2014-08-12
Published in Print: 2014-08-14

© 2014, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents
  2. Contents
  3. Invited Papers
  4. Simha-Somcynsky Equation of State Modeling of the PVT Behavior of PP/Clay-Nanocomposite/CO2 Mixtures
  5. Regular Contributed Articles
  6. Effect of Pre-Molding Process and Additive of Injection Molded Wood/PP Composites
  7. Flame Retarded PE with MH/ATH/Microencapsulated Red Phosphorous and its Toughening by Polymeric Compatibilizers
  8. The Porous Structure and Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded HA/PA66 Scaffolds
  9. A Gas-Sensor-Based Measurement Setup for Inline Quality and Process Control in Polymer Extrusion
  10. Extrusion and Characterization of Soy Protein Film Incorporated with Soy Cellulose Microfibers
  11. Development of Composites of Highly Filled Phenol Formaldehyde Resin – Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Endocarp Particles
  12. Structural Analysis Examining the Mold Deformation Behavior for the Detection of the Flash in the Injection Mold
  13. Epoxidized Esters of Palm Kernel Oil as an Effective Plasticizer for PVC: A Study of Mechanical Properties and Effect of Processing Conditions
  14. Injection Molding of Beverage Container Caps Made of a Composite Consisting of Wood Cellulose Fiber and an Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
  15. Study on Pumping Conveying Capacity Characteristics of Polymer Solids in Vane Extruder
  16. Morphology Control and Stabilization in Immiscible Polypropylene and Polyamide 6 Blends with Organoclay
  17. Optimization of Abrasive Water Jet Turning Parameters for Machining of Low Density Polyethylene Material Based on Experimental Design Method
  18. PPS News
  19. PPS News
  20. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
  21. Seikei Kakou Abstracts
Downloaded on 31.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/217.2922/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button