Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Utilization of the focus variation method for determining the wear volume in the pin-on-disk sliding test

Published/Copyright: February 25, 2020
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

The measurement of wear volume in tribological tests is a critical step in wear characterization. There are many methods and instruments for wear volume measurement reported in the literature and most of them have already been commercialized. These commonly determine wear volume by means of tactile or optical methods, requiring costly and/or specifically developed instruments. In this study, an alternative method for determining wear volume, obtained after a sliding test with a pin-on-disk type apparatus, using focus variation microscopy is reported. A reflective-type light microscope, equipped with a digital camera, together with a range of computer software was used for the line profiling of wear scars, rather than a specialized focus variation microscope. In this study the relatively “shallow” depth of field at the high magnification of the light microscope was precisely used for determining surface line profiles on both slightly and heavily worn specimen surfaces after a series of tribological wear tests. Results of the study method were compared with both profilometric measurements obtained from a 3D optical microscope and with those obtained using a previously reported method. This comparison showed that the method under development and tested in this study yielded successful measurements, comparable to those obtained using the much more expensive 3D optical microscope.


Correspondence Address, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey, E-mail: ,

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Enbiya Türedi was born in 1979 and graduated from Kocaeli University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. He received his MSc degree from the same department. He went to Germany for PhD studies and received the Doctoral degree (Dr.-Ing.) from Stuttgart University, Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites (IFKB) in Germany. He works as Assoc. Prof. at Kocaeli University. His interests are in carbon materials, electrophoresis, tribology, composite manufacturing, ceramics as well as their characterization studies.


References

1 ASTM G99-05: Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA (2010) DOI: 10.1520/G0099-05R10Search in Google Scholar

2 S. Sharma , S.Sangal, K.Mondal: On the optical microscopic method for the determination of ball-on-flat surface linearly reciprocating sliding wear volume, Wear300 (2013), pp. 8289 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.107Search in Google Scholar

3 M. Kalin , J.Vižintin: Use of equations for wear volume determination in fretting experiments, Wear237 (2000), pp. 3948 DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00322-1Search in Google Scholar

4 J. Qu , J. J.Truhan: An efficient method for accurately determining wear volumes of sliders with non-flat wear scars and compound curvatures, Wear261 (2006), pp. 848855 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.009Search in Google Scholar

5 E. P. Whitenton , P. J.Blau: A comparison of methods for determining wear volumes and surface parameters of spherically tipped sliders, Wear124 (1988), pp. 291309 DOI: 10.1016/0043-1648(88)90219-0Search in Google Scholar

6 I. Sherrington , E. H.Smith: Modern measurement techniques in surface metrology: Part I, Stylus instruments, electron microscopy and non-optical comparators, Wear125 (1988), pp. 271288 DOI: 10.1016/0043-1648(88)90118-4Search in Google Scholar

7 ISO 25178-6: Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Areal Part 6: Classification of methods for measuring surface texture, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland (2010)Search in Google Scholar

8 ASTM G133-05: Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA (2010) DOI: 10.1520/G0133-05R10Search in Google Scholar

9 C. Chattopadhyay , S.Sangal, K.Mondal, A.Garg: Improved wear resistance of medium carbon microalloyed bainitic steels, Wear289 (2012), pp. 168179 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.03.005Search in Google Scholar

10 R. F. Egerton : An Introduction to Microscopy, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA (2016) DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39877-8_1Search in Google Scholar

11 D. B. Murphy , M. W.Davidson: Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging, 2nd Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA (2012) DOI: 10.1002/9781118382905Search in Google Scholar

12 C. J. R. Sheppard : Depth of field in optical microscopy, Journal of Microscopy149 (1988), pp. 7375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb04563.xSearch in Google Scholar

13 F. Helmli : Focus variation instruments, R.Leach (Ed.): Optical Measurement of Surface Topography, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011), pp. 131166 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12012-1.Search in Google Scholar

14 N. Nikolaev , J.Petzing, J.Coupland: Focus variation microscope: linear theory and surface tilt sensitivity, Applied Optics55 (2016), No. 13, pp. 35553565 DOI: 10.1364/AO.55.003555Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15 D. A. Macdonald : The application of focus variation microscopy for lithic use-wear quantification, Journal of Archaeological Science48 (2014), pp. 2633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.003Search in Google Scholar

16 E. Türedi : A novel approach in determining wear volume: Precise optical profilometric measurement with limited depth of field in light microscopy, M.Özcanli, H.Serin, A.Calik (Eds.): Proc. of the 1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress (IMSEC 2016), Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey (2016), pp. 26022610Search in Google Scholar

17 I. Sherrington , E. H.Smith: Modern measurement techniques in surface metrology: part II; optical instruments, Wear125 (1988), pp. 289308 DOI: 10.1016/0043-1648(88)90119-6Search in Google Scholar

18 R. J. Hocken , N.Chakraborty, C.Brown: Optical metrology of surfaces, CIRP Annals54 (2005), No. 2, pp. 169183 DOI: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60025-0Search in Google Scholar

19 Olympus: Image Analysis System, Olympus Stream, (2016), 20 pages, https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/.downloads/download/?file=285213239&fl=en_US, accessed April 30, 2018Search in Google Scholar

20 D. Tabor : The Hardness of Metals, First Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1951)Search in Google Scholar

21 K.-H. zum Gahr : Microstructure and Wear of Materials, Tribology Series 10, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1987)Search in Google Scholar

22 R. W. John , W.Eaton, DavidBateman, S.Hauberg: GNU Octave Version 3.8.1 Manual: A High-Level Interactive Language for Numerical Computations, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (2014) http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/doc/interpreterSearch in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2020-02-25
Published in Print: 2020-03-02

© 2020, Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Downloaded on 15.4.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/120.111484/html
Scroll to top button