Charring rate of timbers in terms of size, layer material and fire class evaluated by the Taguchi method
-
Mustafa Altin
Abstract
This publication is focused on the fire performance of different wood materials to determine the charring rate. For this purpose, L27(313) Taguchi orthogonal design was used for the derivation of the parameter combinations. A total of 108 timber specimens made of 3 different natural timber types having 3 different sizes had been coated with fire retardant varnish and boron impregnation. Specimens were tested for three different fire classes and temperatures. The values of charring rate were obtained from fire tests according to the orthogonal design. Obtained results were analyzed using the signal-to-noise ratio, analysis of variance methods and 3D surface plots. It was concluded that the type of timber and specimen section are the most significant factors affecting the charring rate. The second significant factor affecting the charring rate was found to be the duration and temperature of fire. Lastly, coating material is the third important factor influencing the charring rate.
Kurzfassung
Die diesem Beitrag zugrunde liegende Studie konzentriert sich auf die Feuerbeständigkeit von verschiedenen Holzwerkstoffen unter Bestimmung der Verkohlungsgeschwindigkeit. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das orthogonale L27(313) Taguchi-Design zur Ableitung der Parameterkombinationen gewählt. Eine Gesamtzahl von 108 Holzproben wurde aus drei verschiedenen Naturholzarten hergestellt, die drei verschiedene Größen hatten und mit einem Feuerschutzlack und Borimprägnierung beschichtet wurden. Die Proben wurden für drei verschiedene Feuerschutzklassen und Temperaturen geprüft. Die Werte für die Verkohlungsrate wurden in Brandversuchen ermittelt, die entsprechend des orthogonalen Designs ausgelegt wurden. Die so gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden mittels Signal-Rauschabstand, Methoden der Varianzanalyse und 3D-Oberflächenplots analysiert. Daraus wurde gefolgert, dass die Holzart und der Probenabschnitt die wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren auf die Verkohlungsrate darstellen. Als zweiter signifikanter Einfluss hinsichtlich der Verkohlungsgeschwindigkeit stellten sich die Dauer und die Temperatur des Feuers heraus. Schließlich stellte sich heraus, dass die Beschichtung des Werkstoffs der drittwichtigste Faktor mit Einfluss auf die Verkohlungsrate ist.
References
1 R.Stevens, S.D.van Es, R.Bezemer, A.Kranenbarg: The structure activity relationship of fire retardant phosphorus compounds in wood, Polymer Degradation and Stability91 (2006), pp. 832–84110.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.06.014Suche in Google Scholar
2 D.Hunt: Properties of wood in the conservation of historical wooden artifacts, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 13 (2012), Issue. 3, pp. 10–1510.1016/j.culher.2012.03.014Suche in Google Scholar
3 S. B.Guler: Analysis of the Protection and Repair Methods of Wood within the Scope of its Life Cycle, MSc Thesis, ITU, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Architecture Departments, İstanbul, Turkey (2011)Suche in Google Scholar
4 G.Dobele, I.Urbanovich, A.Zhurins, V.Kampars, D.Meier: Application of analytical pyrolysis for wood fire protection control, Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis79 (2007), No. 1–2, pp. 47–5110.1016/j.jaap.2006.10.019Suche in Google Scholar
5 U.Izgi: Mimarlıkta süreç: Kavramlar-ilişkiler (The process in architecture: Concepts and relations), Yapı Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey (1999)Suche in Google Scholar
6 H.PekerH.Tan, E.Baysal: Some of wood preservatives spruce (picea orientalis link) effects of wood burning characteristics, Firat University Journal of Science and Engineering16 (2004), No. 1, pp. 163–175Suche in Google Scholar
7 A.Kucukosmanoglu: Combustion characteristics of wood materials and fire safety in buildings, Faculty of Forestry Journal43 (1993), No. 1–2, pp. 146–151Suche in Google Scholar
8 R. W.Fitzgerald: Structural integrity during fire, Fire Protection Handbook, National Fire Protection Association Quincy, Massachusetts, USA (2002)Suche in Google Scholar
9 E.Iplikci: Analysis of the fire safety measures in buildings and development of performance criteria related to design of buildings with fire safety, MSc Thesis, Institute of Science and Technology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey (2006)Suche in Google Scholar
10 J.Stanke, E.Klement, R.Rudolphi: The fire performance of timber columns under compression load), BAM-Berichte Nr. 24, BAM, Berlin, Germany (1973) (in German)Suche in Google Scholar
11 E.Ozum: Experimental and theoretical-numerical determination of fire resistance of different section wooden columns which exposed to standard fire, Main Science Division of Civil Engineering, Namik Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Tekirdag, Turkey (2008)Suche in Google Scholar
12 U. T.Arpacioglu: Case of fire and fire safety in high rise buildings, Mimar Sinan University, MSc Thesis, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Architecture Departments, İstanbul, Turkey (2004)Suche in Google Scholar
13 A.Kilic: Ateşi tutan eller-ateş kahramanlari (The hands holding the fire: Fire heros), Teknik Yayıncılık Grubu, İstanbul, Turkey (2010)Suche in Google Scholar
14 R. H.White: Charring Rates of Different Wood Species, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA (1988)Suche in Google Scholar
15 V.Babrauskas: Charring rate of wood as a tool for fire investigations, Fire Safety Journal40 (2005), pp. 528–55410.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.006Suche in Google Scholar
16 S.Neseli, I.Asilturk, L.Celik: Determining the optimum process parameter for grinding operations using robust process, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology26 (2012), No. 11, pp. 3587–359510.1007/s12206-012-0851-3Suche in Google Scholar
17 I.Asilturk, S.Neseli: Multi-response optimization of CNC turning parameters via Taguchi method-based response surface analysis, Measurement45 (2012), No. 4, pp. 785–79410.1016/j.measurement.2011.12.004Suche in Google Scholar
18 D. C.Montgomery: Design and Analysis of Experiments, Wiley, Singapore (1991)Suche in Google Scholar
19 P. J.Ross: Taguchi techniques for quality engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA (1988)Suche in Google Scholar
20 N. N.: Calculating the fire resistance of exposed wood members, American Forest & Paper Association (www.awc.org), Washington, DC, Technical Report10 (2003), pp. 1–6Suche in Google Scholar
21 E.Caniyilmaz, F.Kutay: An alternative approach to analysis of variance in Taguchi, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering Architect, Gazi University18 (2003), No. 3, pp. 51–63Suche in Google Scholar
22 E.Caniyilmaz: Taguchi Method and an Application in Quality Improvement, Gazi University, Turkey (2001)Suche in Google Scholar
23 P. J.Ross: Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Singapore (1989)Suche in Google Scholar
24 T.Genichi, D.Clausing: Robust Quality, Harvard Business Review (1990), pp. 65–76Suche in Google Scholar
25 ISO 14001: Environmental Management Systems – Requirements with Guidance for Use, Beuth, Berlin, Germany (2004)Suche in Google Scholar
26 EN 1363-1: Fire Resistance Tests – Part 1: General Requirements, European Committee for Standardization CEN, Brussels (2012)Suche in Google Scholar
27 EN 1634-4: Fire Resistance and Smoke Control Tests for Door, Shutter and Openable Window Assemblies and Elements of Building Hardware – Part 1: Fire Resistance Tests for Doors, Shutters and Openable Windows, European Committee for Standardization CEN, Brussels (2009)Suche in Google Scholar
28 M.Altin: Determining behaviors of fire doors with thermal camera and traditional methods comparatively, Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research30 (2012), No. 1, pp. 465–474Suche in Google Scholar
29 P. J.Ross: Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering, 2nd Edition, McGraw- Hill, New York, USA (1996)Suche in Google Scholar
30 R.Cakiroglu, A.Acir: Optimization of cutting parameters on drill bit temperature in drilling by Taguchi method, Measurement46 (2013), pp. 3525–353110.1016/j.measurement.2013.06.046Suche in Google Scholar
© 2015, Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Inhalt/Contents
- Inhalt
- Fachbeiträge/Technical Contributions
- Failure of porcelain coated heating elements used in regenerative air preheaters
- Mechanical characterization by DOE analysis of AA6156-T4 friction stir welded joints in as-welded and post-weld aged condition
- Cold formability of AISI 1020 steel sheets
- Optimierung einer Probenform für den Kreuzzugversuch zur Bestimmung der Grenzformänderung
- Friction weldability of a PA 6 polymer
- A discrete dislocation technique for fatigue microcracks (Part III)
- Flexure behavior of composite cantilevers subjected to different environmental conditions
- Structure investigation of soil aggregates treated with different organic matter using X-ray micro tomography*
- Investigation of the tool effect on the strength of friction stir spot welded aluminum specimens: A comparative study
- Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for use as abrasive grit material
- Charring rate of timbers in terms of size, layer material and fire class evaluated by the Taguchi method
- Tribological properties of boronized ferrous based PM journal bearings
- SNMS investigations of thermally sprayed coatings
- Kalender/Calendar
- Kalender
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Inhalt/Contents
- Inhalt
- Fachbeiträge/Technical Contributions
- Failure of porcelain coated heating elements used in regenerative air preheaters
- Mechanical characterization by DOE analysis of AA6156-T4 friction stir welded joints in as-welded and post-weld aged condition
- Cold formability of AISI 1020 steel sheets
- Optimierung einer Probenform für den Kreuzzugversuch zur Bestimmung der Grenzformänderung
- Friction weldability of a PA 6 polymer
- A discrete dislocation technique for fatigue microcracks (Part III)
- Flexure behavior of composite cantilevers subjected to different environmental conditions
- Structure investigation of soil aggregates treated with different organic matter using X-ray micro tomography*
- Investigation of the tool effect on the strength of friction stir spot welded aluminum specimens: A comparative study
- Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for use as abrasive grit material
- Charring rate of timbers in terms of size, layer material and fire class evaluated by the Taguchi method
- Tribological properties of boronized ferrous based PM journal bearings
- SNMS investigations of thermally sprayed coatings
- Kalender/Calendar
- Kalender