Home Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size

  • Edith Lambert , Writi Maitra , Frederik Scheid , Marina Niestrath , Susanne Gorny and Rainer Stamminger
Published/Copyright: August 27, 2016
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
Tenside Surfactants Detergents
From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 53 Issue 5

Abstract

Since the washing performance of household washing machines must comply with certain limit values, like the ecodesign requirements in Europe, the method of washing performance evaluation is crucial. Today, the washing performance is defined as an overall washing performance in IEC 60456:2010, constituting an calculation of the average sum of reflectance values of five different stain monitors. As a result, the different washing characteristics of each individual stain are totally neglected. This study investigates how the washing cycle affects the individual stains, when washing temperature, washing time and load size are varied systematically. The results show individual stains contribute differently to the overall washing performance. For a proper assessment of the washing performance, the individual stains’ contributions to the overall washing performance are required to be considered. A supplement of temperature sensitive stain monitors is suggested. E.g., as tea has a crucial contribution at higher temperature, this stain should have a higher influence in washing performance assessment when good bleaching or hygiene performance is requested.

Kurzfassung

Die Waschwirkung von Haushaltswaschmaschinen muss in Europa den Anforderungen der Ökodesign-Verordnung entsprechen. Die Waschwirkung, definiert in IEC 60456:2010, wird aus den Reflektionswerten fünf unterschiedlicher Anschmutzungsarten (Fleckenmonitore) als durchschnittliche Summe dargestellt. Dadurch wird die Waschwirkung der einzelnen Schmutzarten in Abhängigkeit der Waschparameter außer Acht gelassen. Deshalb wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Waschwirkung anhand der einzelnen Schmutzarten in Abhängigkeit der Waschparameter Temperatur, Zeit und Beladungsmenge untersucht. Damit wird die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierteren Auswertung der einzelnen Schmutzarten für eine angemessene Ermittlung der Waschwirkung von Haushaltswaschmaschinen herausgestellt. So wird beispielsweise vorgeschlagen, temperatursensible Schmutzarten als Fleckenmonitore mit in die Berechnung der Waschwirkung aufzunehmen. Diese könnten so zu einer adäquaten Beurteilung von Waschzyklen, die eine gute Bleich- oder Hygienewirkung fordern, beitragen.

Key words: Stain monitors; washing duration; washing performance; washing temperature; laundry
Stichwörter: Fleckenmonitore; Waschzeit; Waschwirkung; Waschtemperatur; Wäsche
*Correspondence address, Edith Lambert, University of Bonn, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Household and Appliance Technology Section, Nussallee 5, 53115 Bonn (Germany), Tel. +49-228735955, E-Mail:

Edith Lambert has a diploma in nutrition and household science. She works as research assistant at the University of Bonn in the household and Appliance Technology Section in different research areas with focus on laundry washing and the applicability of NIRS in household technology.

Writi Maitra, Research Assistant, Household and Appliance Technology Section, University of Bonn. She completed Masters in Food Business and Consumer Studies at University of Kassel, Germany. Since 2013, she has worked in research study on consumer behavior of dishwashing practices in different international economies in collaboration with one of the leading European FMCG companies.

Frederik Scheid, has studied nutrition and food science at the University Bonn, Germany and has made his bachelor degree thesis on the subject of this paper.

Marina Niestrath works as technical assistant at the university of Bonn in the household and Appliance Technology Section. She is experienced in testing behavior of household appliances in different research areas, mainly in testing washing machines.

Susanne Gorny finished her doctorate at the Household and Appliance Technology Section at the University of Bonn in 2014. In her doctoral thesis, she modelled the cleaning performance and energy consumption of an electric household dishwashing system and describes the potentials and impacts of low-temperature electric household dishwashing. Currently, Susanne Gorny is working as manager of the quality testing laboratory for electric household appliances and personal care products at TÜV Rheinland LGA Products GmbH.

After 17 years of practical experience in the development of washing machines and dishwasher with AEG Hausgeräte and Electrolux. Rainer Stamminger was promoted in 2002 as professor for appliance and process engineering at University of Bonn. Main areas of research at University are consumer behavior of homework with and without using appliances, new products or features, smart appliances, robots for household application and questions of sustainability of housekeeping.

References

1. Bacon, O. C. and Smith, J. E.: Detergent action – mechanical work as a measure of efficiency of surface active agents inremoving soil, Ind. Eng. Chem.40 (1948) 2361–2370. 10.1021/ie50468a028Search in Google Scholar

2. Kind, W.: Das Waschen mit Maschinen, Fette und Seifen47 (1940) 55–58. 10.1002/lipi.19400470205Search in Google Scholar

3. Schnyder, A.: Untersuchungen über die Einflüsse von Wasch-und Bleichprozessen auf Baumwoll-und Leinengewebe, Diss. Techn. Wiss. ETH Zürich, Nr. 1156, 1941. Ref.: Honegger, E.; Korref.: Scherrer, P. (1941).Search in Google Scholar

4. Vaughn, T. H., Vittone, A. and Bacon, L. R.: Properties of detergent solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem.33 (1941) 1011–1019. 10.1021/ie50380a011Search in Google Scholar

5. Sinner, H.: Über das Waschen mit Haushaltsmaschinen. In welchem Umfange erleichtern Haushaltsmaschinen und -geräte das Wäschehaben im Haushalt?Haus + Heim Verlag, Hamburg (1959).Search in Google Scholar

6. Stamminger, R.: Reinigen, aid infodienst, Bonn (2010) 28.Search in Google Scholar

7. Laitala, K. and Jensen, H. M.: Cleaning effect of household laundry detergents at low temperatures, Tenside Surfact. Det.47 (2010) 413–420. 10.3139/113.110096Search in Google Scholar

8. Laitala, K., Boks, C. and Klepp, I.: Potential for environmental improvements in laundering, Int. J. Consum. Stud.35 (2011) 254–264. 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00968.xSearch in Google Scholar

9. Honisch, M., Stamminger, R. and Bockmühl, D. P.: Impact of wash cycle time, temperature and detergent formulation on the hygiene effectiveness of domestic laundering, J. Appl. Microbiol.117 (2014) 1787–1797. 10.1111/jam.12647Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Janczak, F., Stamminger, R., Nickel, D. and Speckmann, H.-D.: Energy savings by low temperature washing, SOFW J.136 (2010).Search in Google Scholar

11. Lasic, E., Stamminger, R., Nitsch, C. and Kessler, A.: Construction of avirtual washing machine, Tenside. Surfact Det.52 (2015) 193–200. 10.3139/113.110365Search in Google Scholar

12. The European Commission: Comission regulation (EU) No 1015/2010 of 10 November 2010 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the council with regard to ecodesign requirements for household washing machines, Official Journal of the European Union (2010).Search in Google Scholar

13. Stamminger, R. and Schmitz, A.: Washing machines in europe detailed assessment of consumption and performance, Tenside Surfact. Det.53 (2016) 70–86;. 10.3139/113.110412Search in Google Scholar

14. The European Commission: Commission delegated regulation (EU) No 1061/2010 of 28 September 2010 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of household washing machines, Official Journal of the European Union (2010).Search in Google Scholar

15. Bockmühl, D. P., Honisch, M. and Stamminger, R.: Sinner or saint? The role of wash cycle time and temperature in laundry hygiene, wfk47 (2015) 142–156.Search in Google Scholar

16. Bloomfield, S. F., Exner, M., Signorelli, C. and Scott, E. A.: Effectiveness of laundering processes used in domestic (home) settings, International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (2013).Search in Google Scholar

17. Stamminger, R., Barth, A. and Dörr, S.: Old washing machines wash less efficiently and consume more resources, HuW3 (2005) 124–131.Search in Google Scholar

18. Pakula, C. and Stamminger, R.: Energy and water savings potential in automatic laundry washing processes, Energ. Effic.8 (2014) 205–222. 10.1007/s12053-014-9288-0Search in Google Scholar

19. Kruschwitz, A., Augsburg, A. and Stamminger, R.: How effective are alternative ways of laundry washing?Tenside Surfact. Det.50 (2013) 263–269. 10.3139/113.110258Search in Google Scholar

20. Scheid, F., Lambert, E., Maitra, W., Niestrath, M., Fäh, D., Portmann, C., Gorny, S. and Stamminger, R.: Textile damage in a household washing machine – ways to measure and how relevant are washing duration and temperature, Tenside Surfact. Det. (2016).10.3139/113.110462Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2016-04-07
Revised: 2016-07-13
Published Online: 2016-08-27
Published in Print: 2016-09-15

© 2016, Carl Hanser Publisher, Munich

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents/Inhalt
  2. Contents
  3. Review
  4. Water and Energy Consumption in Domestic Laundering Worldwide – A Review
  5. Laundry Washing: New Learning and Global Relevance
  6. Stock Model Based Bottom-up Accounting for Washing Machines: Worldwide Energy, Water and Greenhouse Gas Saving Potentials 2010–2030
  7. Washing Expectations in Domestic Laundering – Consumer Behavior in Mexico
  8. Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size
  9. Textile Quality Depletion due to Household Machine Wash – Ways to Measure and Impacts of Wash Duration and Temperature on Textiles
  10. New Evaluation Method of Cleaning Performance for Washing Machines
  11. Wool Wash
  12. Wool Wash: Technical Performance and Consumer Habits
  13. Dishwashing
  14. Potentials and Impacts of Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
  15. Effects of Relevant Detergent Components on the Cleaning Performance in Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
  16. Novel Measuring Methods
  17. Revealing Detergent Efficiency and Mechanism by Real-Time Measurement Using a Novel and Tailored QCM-D methodology
  18. Hygiene
  19. Microbicidal Action of Heat, Detergents and Active Oxygen Bleach as Components of Laundry Hygiene
  20. Detergents
  21. Understanding Interactions of Surfactants and Enzymes: Impact of Individual Surfactants on Stability and Wash Performance of Protease Enzyme in Detergents
https://doi.org/10.3139/113.110461
Keywords for this article
Stain monitors; washing duration; washing performance; washing temperature; laundry

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents/Inhalt
  2. Contents
  3. Review
  4. Water and Energy Consumption in Domestic Laundering Worldwide – A Review
  5. Laundry Washing: New Learning and Global Relevance
  6. Stock Model Based Bottom-up Accounting for Washing Machines: Worldwide Energy, Water and Greenhouse Gas Saving Potentials 2010–2030
  7. Washing Expectations in Domestic Laundering – Consumer Behavior in Mexico
  8. Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size
  9. Textile Quality Depletion due to Household Machine Wash – Ways to Measure and Impacts of Wash Duration and Temperature on Textiles
  10. New Evaluation Method of Cleaning Performance for Washing Machines
  11. Wool Wash
  12. Wool Wash: Technical Performance and Consumer Habits
  13. Dishwashing
  14. Potentials and Impacts of Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
  15. Effects of Relevant Detergent Components on the Cleaning Performance in Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
  16. Novel Measuring Methods
  17. Revealing Detergent Efficiency and Mechanism by Real-Time Measurement Using a Novel and Tailored QCM-D methodology
  18. Hygiene
  19. Microbicidal Action of Heat, Detergents and Active Oxygen Bleach as Components of Laundry Hygiene
  20. Detergents
  21. Understanding Interactions of Surfactants and Enzymes: Impact of Individual Surfactants on Stability and Wash Performance of Protease Enzyme in Detergents
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 25.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/113.110461/html
Scroll to top button