20 Steering the Economy: Turkey in the Second World War

Kapitel in diesem Buch

1. Frontmatter 1
2. Table of Contents 5
3. Fragments from a Century: A History of Republican Turkey, 1923–2023 11
4. 1923–1932
5. 1 A Lasting Legacy: The Proclamation of the Republic 31
6. 2 Anxious Inquiries: The League of Nations on the Population Exchange 36
7. 3 Echoes of Modernity: Nazım Hikmet’s “Machinisation” of Turkish Poetry 41
8. 4 “Foreigners with their Fake Turkish and Muslim Masks”: A Public Debate about Dönmes 46
9. 5 “Stricken by Illness”: Political Plagues of the New Capital 51
10. 6 “Empowered to Prohibit”: The Law on the Maintenance of Order 56
11. 7 “The Congregation of Civilisation”: Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Speech in Kastamonu 60
12. 8 A Step Forward, a Step Back: Women’ Rights and the Civil Code of 1926 65
13. 9 “Citizen, Speak Turkish!”: A Jewish Appeal for Turkification 69
14. 10 An Unusual Letter, an Unusual Opposition: The Free Republican Party 74
15. 1933–1942
16. 11 Geography of a Nation in the Making: The Settlement Law of 1934 81
17. 12 A Glimpse into Policies on Spirits: Alcohol Percentages in Rakı Production 85
18. 13 Defining Kemalism: The Program of the CHP in an Age of Ideologies 91
19. 14 Language, Nation, and their Enemies: Linguistic Nationalism 97
20. 15 “Treacherous and Insidious”: Turkey’s Southern Border 102
21. 16 Modernising Attire, Modernising the Nation: Reflections of Kemalist Clothing Reforms 106
22. 17 Mapping Nomadism: The Construction of the Nation-State 110
23. 18 “The Lament of Laç Valley”: Mourned Memory of the Dersim Massacre 115
24. 19 Nationalisation of the Banking System: The Increase in General Deposits 119
25. 20 Steering the Economy: Turkey in the Second World War 124
26. 1943–1952
27. 21 A Precarious Offer: The Dodecanese Islands and Turkish Neutrality in the Second World War 131
28. 22 “I am a Victim of the Capital Tax”: The Voices of İstanbul Greeks 136
29. 23 “Enlightening” the Turkish Countryside: The Village Institutes 141
30. 24 Inspecting the East: The CHP Secretary General’s Views on the Kurdish Provinces 145
31. 25 Planting the Seeds of Multiparty Politics: Memorandum of the Four 150
32. 26 The Future of an Ancient Capital: Henri Prost’s Master Plan for İstanbul 155
33. 27 “What Is to Be Done?”: The Legacy of Leftist Minority Artists in Turkey 161
34. 28 The Language of Religion: The Reversion of the Ezan from Turkish to Arabic 166
35. 29 “The Sincerest Feeling of all the Peace-Loving Turkish People”: Pacifism and the Korean War 171
36. 30 Beekeeping, Agriculture, and Democracy: The Debate over Cold War Modernity 175
37. 1953–1962
38. 31 “Male Beauty Kings”: Gender, Biopolitics, and Pageantry in the Annals of İstanbul 181
39. 32 “Religion is Bound to the State”: Ali Fuat Başgil’s Critique of Secularism 186
40. 33 Symbol of Turkish Modernity and Bastion of the West: The Hilton Hotel in İstanbul 190
41. 34 The Beginning of an End: The Pogrom of 6-7 September 1955 195
42. 35 Politicised Suffering: On Being an Albanian Migrant in Turkey 201
43. 36 “Actions in the Middle East Are Only a Beginning”: Turkey and the Syrian Crisis of 1957 205
44. 37 An Early Announcement of the 1961 Constitution: Calls for Reforms by the Opposition 209
45. 38 Mobilising Youths for Political Change: Codeword 555K 213
46. 39 Opening Pandora’s Box: The 1960 Military Coup d’État 218
47. 40 “The Era of Planned Development”: The Founding of the State Planning Organisation 223
48. 1963–1972
49. 41 From Temporary Migration to the Struggle for Equal Social Rights: Turkish Workers in Germany 229
50. 42 Dreams of Development: Peasantism, Cadrism, and a Disciplined Society 234
51. 43 Deviating from the National Narrative: The Workers’ Party of Turkey and Cyprus 239
52. 44 The Making of a National Symbol: Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and Hagia Sophia 244
53. 45 The Turkish Queen of the Hippies: Remembering Perihan Yücel 249
54. 46 A Fragile Liberal Democratic Moment: Demirel and the Turkish Centre-Right 255
55. 47 Contesting Family Planning: Birth Control as a Conspiracy 260
56. 48 Political Islam in the Turkish Parliament: The National Order Party 265
57. 49 Appreciating Turmoil: The Autonomy of Universities and the Military Intervention 270
58. 50 Imperialism, Colonialism, and Oligarchic Dictatorships: Mahir Çayan’s Revolutionary Theory 276
59. 1973–1982
60. 51 A Growing İstanbul: The Opening of the Bosphorus Bridge 283
61. 52 Cinematic Imagining of the Nationalist Soldier-to-be: Little Mujahid in Cyprus 288
62. 53 Between Modernisation and Class Struggle: Arabesk Music 294
63. 54 A Forgotten Wave: Socialist Women’s Activism and the Struggle for Gender Equality 299
64. 55 Mothers with Sons: Sevgi Soysal’s Critiques of Masculinity 304
65. 56 Revolutionary Martyrdom: The Death of Haki Karer and the Emergence of PKK 308
66. 57 Civil War Strategy of the Turkish Far-Right: The Maraş Massacre 314
67. 58 Capitalism after Military Intervention: Vehbi Koç and the Military-Industrial Complex 318
68. 59 Leftists from Turkey, Unite! Behice Boran in Brussels 324
69. 60 When Generals Do Etymology: On the Kart-Kurt Myth of Kurdish 328
70. 1983–1992
71. 61 Active State Participation in the Manufacture of Denialism: “The Armenian Issue” 337
72. 62 “My Body, My Choice!”: Conceptions of a Contemporary Feminist Slogan in Turkey 342
73. 63 A Challenge to the Military Junta: The Petition of Intellectuals 347
74. 64 The Intersection of State and Religion: National Unity and Religion on Television 352
75. 65 “The United States Will Be Buying our Textile Exports!”: Özal, Reagan, and Neoliberalism 357
76. 66 The Intellectuals’ Hearth: A Republican Generation? 362
77. 67 Three Days in Bekaa Valley: An Interview with Abdullah Öcalan 367
78. 68 Turkish Pop: The New Urban and Neoliberal Culture of Turkey 371
79. 69 “Mafiacity Ümraniye”: Irregular Urbanisation and the İstanbul Gecekondu 377
80. 70 On the Possibility of a Liberal Islam: The Resurrection of the Constitution of Medina in Turkey 381
81. 1993–2002
82. 71 In Between Invisibility and Recognition: The Sivas Massacre 389
83. 72 The State’s Informal Organisations: Paramilitaries in the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict 394
84. 73 For the Liberation of Women: Three Kurdish Women’s Periodicals 399
85. 74 Reckoning with a Life Lived Like a Storm: Repatriating Enver Pasha 403
86. 75 Finding Nowhereland: Totalitarian Nightmares as a Utopian Vision 408
87. 76 Of Minarets and Bayonets: The Poem that Landed Erdoğan in Jail 412
88. 77 “Turkey in our Hands”: Polemics and Protest against the Headscarf Ban 418
89. 78 “Turkey’s Birthright”: The Promises of Turkish EU Candidacy 422
90. 79 The Return to the Village: Turkey’s State-Building in Kurdistan 427
91. 80 The “Marlboro” Law: A Turning Point in the Neoliberalisation of Rural Turkey 432
92. 2003–2012
93. 81 Another Period of Hope and Disappointment: Yearning for Inclusivity and Diversity in Turkey 439
94. 82 Towards New Ways: Gendering the New Turkish Penal Code 445
95. 83 Barbecues, Invaded Beaches, and White Turks: Cultural Wars in Turkey 449
96. 84 A High-Rise on Cement: The Turkish Construction Boom 453
97. 85 Darbukas against Dozers: 40 Days and 40 Nights to Save the Sulukule NeighBourhood 458
98. 86 Tutelage’s Terminus: The E-Memorandum by the General Staff 463
99. 87 Contested Power, Weaponised Memoirs: The “Diaries” of Admiral Özden Örnek 468
100. 88 Turkey’s Moment in the World: Davutoğlu and Neo-Ottomanism in Turkey’s Foreign Policy 473
101. 89 “Not Good Enough but Yes”: The Long Shadow of the 2010 Referendum 477
102. 90 Towards Peace or Further Troubles? The People’s Democratic Congress 482
103. 2013–2023
104. 91 Solidarity and Diversity: The Gezi Protests 489
105. 92 Puppies, Vegans, and Cheese: Culture Wars in the Age of Populism 495
106. 93 The End of the Peace Process: The Cizre Massacres 500
107. 94 “An Insurrection Instigated by the Parallel Structure”: The Night of the Attempted Coup 505
108. 95 “How’d I Transition?”: Turkish Queer Slang out of the Closet and onto the Stage 510
109. 96 The Return of Local Democracy: The CHP and the İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality 516
110. 97 A Pandemic, a Curfew, and a Resignation: The Politics of COVID-19 in Turkey 522
111. 98 The Decade of Migration: A Politics of Death or Life? 528
112. 99 “Long ago, Enemies Raided Turkish Lands”: Nationalism and Militarism in TV Series 533
113. 100 That’s Nobody’s Business but the Turks’: Rebranding “New Türkiye” for the New Century 537