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Polysomatic intergrowths between amphiboles and non-classical pyriboles in magnetite: Smallest-scale features recording a protracted geological history

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Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. September 2024
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American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 109 Heft 10

Abstract

Non-classical pyriboles (NCPs) have tetrahedral silicate chains (Ibeam) of multiplicity higher than single (pyroxene) or double (amphibole) Ibeams and are known from amphiboles in altered mafic-ultramafic complexes. NCPs, their polysomatic sequences, and inherent chain-width disorder are petrogenetic tools for interpreting igneous and metamorphic processes. Magnetite, a refractory mineral that can trap and preserve NCPs is a major constituent of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. We undertook a nanoscale study to show that NCPs and amphiboles are hosted within magnetite cores from the Jatobá Ni-bearing IOCG deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil. Monoclinic amphiboles and NCPs form polysomatic intergrowths or occur as sparse inclusions along {111}magnetite. There are two chemical populations of amphiboles: Mg-Fe- and Ca-(Al)-amphiboles, the latter including Ce-bearing Mg-hornblende and (ferro)tschermakite. The occurrence contains one of the widest ranges of chain silicates ever recorded, from simple intergrowths of single to triple Ibeam zippers, including pyroxene slabs, to longer NCP polysomes up to 15-Ibeam chains. Clinojimthompsonite (Cjim) is observed for the first time within magnetite. Although no discrete polysomes could be defined, the NCP-amphibole intergrowths have compositions between Mg-Fe amphiboles and Cjim based on Ibeam averages of 2.5–2.7. Relationships between increase in the number of C and A cations from amphibole (2-Ibeam) to n chain silicates (nIbeam) are formulated as nIbeam = T(2 + n) = C(5 + 3n) = A(1 + n), n = integer. Empirical models of crystal structures, validated by STEM simulation, are shown for 4- and 5-Ibeam chain silicates. Co-crystallization of double- and triple-chain silicate structures with rhythmic intergrowths as larger blocks along b is often accompanied by rhythmic Ca-Fe zonation along a, supporting primary NCP crystallization via self-patterning during amphibole growth within magnetite in a close-to-equilibrium system. Chain-width disorder is documented from defects including planar faults, derailments, jogs, and swells.

Violations of zipper termination rules indicate primary growth rather than replacement. Amphibole-NCPs inclusions support a multi-stage evolution for Jatobá magnetite. They formed during the first cycle of magnetite overprinting within a mafic/ultramafic lithology that records syn-shearing events. Subsequent formation of calcic-amphiboles, including Ce-bearing species, indicate IOCG-related fluids at the onset of mineralization. (Ferro) tschermakite formed at ~7.5 kbar during high-pressure shearing is preserved during main ore deposition. The multi-stage amphibole-NCPs generations in magnetite revealed by our nanoscale study emphasize the interpretive value of magnetite for overprinting events in terranes with protracted geological histories. Analogous NCPs are likely to be abundant in magnetite from magmatic-hydrothermal deposits hosted by greenstone belts and altered mafic/ultramafic complexes. Likewise, discovery of Ce-rich hornblende provides new avenues to understand the early, alkali-calcic alteration stages of IOCG systems and models for REE incorporation into, and subsequent release from chain silicates.

Keywords: Non-classical pyriboles; (Ce-bearing) amphiboles; magnetite; polysomatic sequences; chain-width disorder; Jatobá Ni-IOCG deposit

Acknowledgments and funding

We extend thanks to Animesh Basak for technical support with FIB analyses and Max Verdugo-Ihl for his assistance with EDS analyses. Y.T.C.R and M.E.S acknowledges continuous support from the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq – Project 409015/2021-0) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. Analytical expenses were supported by a grant from the Institute of Sustainability, Energy and Resources, The University of Adelaide. N.J.C. and K.E. acknowledge funding through Australian Research Council Linkage grant LP200100156 (Critical Minerals from Complex Ores). We acknowledge constructive comments from two anonymous reviewers and thank Associate Editor Bradley De Gregorio for his handling of the manuscript.

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Received: 2023-09-12
Accepted: 2024-01-26
Published Online: 2024-09-24
Published in Print: 2024-10-28

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-9188
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Non-classical pyriboles; (Ce-bearing) amphiboles; magnetite; polysomatic sequences; chain-width disorder; Jatobá Ni-IOCG deposit

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Trace element fractionation in magnetite as a function of Fe depletion from ore fluids at the Baijian Fe-(Co) skarn deposit, eastern China: Implications for Co mineralization in Fe skarns
  2. Evidence for oceans pre-4300 Ma confirmed by preserved igneous compositions in Hadean zircon
  3. Experimental vs. natural fulgurite: A comparison and implications for the formation process
  4. Illitization of smectite influenced by chemical weathering and its potential control of anatase formation in altered volcanic ashes
  5. A modified genetic model for multiple pulsed mineralized processes at the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system
  6. Lead and noble gas isotopic constraints on the origin of Te-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits in a calc-alkaline magmatic arc, NE China
  7. Wenlanzhangite–(Y) from the Yushui deposit, South China: A potential proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation
  8. High-resolution SIMS U-Th-Pb geochronology of small-size (<5 μm) monazite: Constraints on the timing of Qiuling sediment-hosted gold deposit, South Qinling Orogen, central China
  9. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VIII: The evolution of metamorphic minerals
  10. Gamma-enhancement of reflected light images as a routine method for assessment of compositional heterogeneity in common low-reflectance Fe-bearing minerals
  11. Polysomatic intergrowths between amphiboles and non-classical pyriboles in magnetite: Smallest-scale features recording a protracted geological history
  12. Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)
  13. High-pressure phase transition in clinochlore: IIa polytype stabilization
  14. Memorial of Larry Wayne Finger (1940–2024)
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