Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)
-
Vesselin Dekov
, Yukako Furuma
, Bleuenn Guéguen , Lukas Klose , Kazutaka Yasukawa , Motoaki Morita , Dan Asael , Toshiro Yamanaka , Luca Bindi, Andrea Koschinsky
, Bernhard Pracejus and Yasuhiro Kato
Abstract
Stibnite precipitates in the form of massive boulders at two active hydrothermal mounds in the submarine Wakamiko Crater (Ryukyu Volcanic Arc) as opposed to commonly observed accessory stibnite in the seafloor hydrothermal deposits. The stibnite dimorph, metastibnite, found here for the first time on the seafloor, appears to always form whenever stibnite is precipitated under submarine hydrothermal conditions. Our study shows that hydrothermal conditions of low temperatures (<50 °C) and low values of pH (<6) are favorable for the precipitation of stibnite on the seafloor. The stibnite probably does not precipitate at the measured vent fluid temperatures (i.e., 177.6–187.0 °C) along the chimney conduits, but rather at temperatures <50 °C and at slightly reduced to slightly oxic conditions (Eh = –0.5 to +0.5 V) within the chimney walls and hydrothermal mounds. Metastibnite deposition appears to be the result of rapid quenching of hot hydrothermal fluid when mixed with cold seawater and rapid precipitation at the interface between stibnite and vent fluid. The low concentrations (usually below detection limits) of the trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) in the stibnite deposits from Wakamiko Crater are likely a result of the decreased metal-transporting capacity of the precipitating vent fluid due to its low chlorinity. Low-chlorinity venting implies sub-seafloor boiling and phase separation of the hydrothermal fluid. Sluggish hydrothermal fluid/seawater mixing within the walls of the chimneys and mounds favors the reduction of sulfate dissolved in the hydrothermal fluids and results in a heavy S isotope composition of the sulfate in the vent fluids. Sulfate reduction and disproportionation of magmatic SO2, both leading to heavy S isotope composition of sulfate in the vent fluids, seem to be common processes in volcanic arc/back-arc submarine hydrothermal settings.
Acknowledgments
Our sincere thanks go to M. Sudama (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology) for helping us with the EMP analyses. We highly appreciate the efforts and time sacrificed by the Associate Editor David Dolejš, Cornel de Ronde, and an anonymous reviewer to carefully read the paper and give us valuable suggestions and comments, which significantly improved it.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Trace element fractionation in magnetite as a function of Fe depletion from ore fluids at the Baijian Fe-(Co) skarn deposit, eastern China: Implications for Co mineralization in Fe skarns
- Evidence for oceans pre-4300 Ma confirmed by preserved igneous compositions in Hadean zircon
- Experimental vs. natural fulgurite: A comparison and implications for the formation process
- Illitization of smectite influenced by chemical weathering and its potential control of anatase formation in altered volcanic ashes
- A modified genetic model for multiple pulsed mineralized processes at the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system
- Lead and noble gas isotopic constraints on the origin of Te-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits in a calc-alkaline magmatic arc, NE China
- Wenlanzhangite–(Y) from the Yushui deposit, South China: A potential proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation
- High-resolution SIMS U-Th-Pb geochronology of small-size (<5 μm) monazite: Constraints on the timing of Qiuling sediment-hosted gold deposit, South Qinling Orogen, central China
- An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VIII: The evolution of metamorphic minerals
- Gamma-enhancement of reflected light images as a routine method for assessment of compositional heterogeneity in common low-reflectance Fe-bearing minerals
- Polysomatic intergrowths between amphiboles and non-classical pyriboles in magnetite: Smallest-scale features recording a protracted geological history
- Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)
- High-pressure phase transition in clinochlore: IIa polytype stabilization
- Memorial of Larry Wayne Finger (1940–2024)
Articles in the same Issue
- Trace element fractionation in magnetite as a function of Fe depletion from ore fluids at the Baijian Fe-(Co) skarn deposit, eastern China: Implications for Co mineralization in Fe skarns
- Evidence for oceans pre-4300 Ma confirmed by preserved igneous compositions in Hadean zircon
- Experimental vs. natural fulgurite: A comparison and implications for the formation process
- Illitization of smectite influenced by chemical weathering and its potential control of anatase formation in altered volcanic ashes
- A modified genetic model for multiple pulsed mineralized processes at the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system
- Lead and noble gas isotopic constraints on the origin of Te-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits in a calc-alkaline magmatic arc, NE China
- Wenlanzhangite–(Y) from the Yushui deposit, South China: A potential proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation
- High-resolution SIMS U-Th-Pb geochronology of small-size (<5 μm) monazite: Constraints on the timing of Qiuling sediment-hosted gold deposit, South Qinling Orogen, central China
- An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VIII: The evolution of metamorphic minerals
- Gamma-enhancement of reflected light images as a routine method for assessment of compositional heterogeneity in common low-reflectance Fe-bearing minerals
- Polysomatic intergrowths between amphiboles and non-classical pyriboles in magnetite: Smallest-scale features recording a protracted geological history
- Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)
- High-pressure phase transition in clinochlore: IIa polytype stabilization
- Memorial of Larry Wayne Finger (1940–2024)