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Germanium distribution in Mississippi Valley-Type systems from sulfide deposition to oxidative weathering: A perspective from Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China

  • Chen Wei ORCID logo , Max Frenzel , Lin Ye ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Zhilong Huang and Leonid Danyushevsky
Published/Copyright: September 9, 2024
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 9

Abstract

Germanium (Ge) is a critical raw material for emerging high-tech and green industries, resulting in considerable recent interest in understanding its distribution and geochemical behavior in ore deposits. In this contribution, the distribution of Ge and related trace elements in the Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China, is investigated to reveal the distribution of Ge in the hydrothermal ores and during sulfide weathering, using multiple microanalytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In the Fule MVT deposit, sphalerite (ZnS) is the most significant Ge-carrier relative to other sulfides, though the five recognized textural types of sphalerite display progressive depletion in Ge from the first sphalerite generation to the late one. In the early stage, sphalerite with fine-grained chalcopyrite inclusions has the highest Ge concentrations, probably accounting for a significant proportion of the total Ge. We interpret that high Ge concentrations in the early sphalerite may be attributable to high Cu activity in the mineralizing fluids. During oxidative weathering, Ge was redistributed from its original host, sphalerite, to the weathering product willemite (Zn2SiO4) rather than smithsonite (ZnCO3), with high levels of Ge (up to 448 μg/g) present in the willemite. The formation of abundant willemite largely prevents the dispersion of Ge during weathering. In principle, willemite-hosted Ge should be fully recoverable, and the Zn-silicate ores may, therefore, be a potential target to meet future demand. This study provides new information on how Ge behaves from sulfide- to weathering-stage in MVT systems, which directly impacts Ge mobility and deportment changes and the development of metallurgical strategies for Ge recovery.

Keywords: Germanium; sulfides; LA-ICP-MS; mineral weathering; element mobility; Critical Minerals for a Sustainable Future

† Present address: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg 09599, Germany.

‡ Special collection papers can be found online at our website in the Special Collection section.

Funding statement: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92162218, 42302101, 42173025, and U1812402), the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (Qiankehejichu[2021]123), Major collaborative innovation projects for prospecting breakthrough strategic action of Guizhou Province, China ([2022]ZD004) and Sino-German (CSC-DAAD) Postdoc Scholarship Program.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Hongliang Nian and Jinjun Cai for help in fieldwork and sample collection, Xiang Li for help with EPMA, and Ivan Belousov, Paul Olin, and Zhihui Dai for assistance with LA-ICP-MS analyses. This paper benefited from the critical comments of Alexandre Cugerone and Nicola Mondillo on an earlier version of the manuscript. Finally, we thank Don Baker, Denis Fougerouse, and Kimberly Tait, editor and associate editors, and two reviewers, Walid Salama and Huan Li, for their thorough reviews and insightful suggestions.

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Received: 2023-06-20
Accepted: 2023-12-23
Published Online: 2024-09-09
Published in Print: 2024-09-25

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

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  1. Germanium distribution in Mississippi Valley-Type systems from sulfide deposition to oxidative weathering: A perspective from Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China
  2. Characterization and potential toxicity of asbestiform erionite from Gawler Downs, New Zealand
  3. First widespread occurrence of rare phosphate chladniite in a meteorite, winonaite Graves Nunataks (GRA) 12510: Implications for phosphide–phosphate redox buffered genesis in meteorites
  4. K isotopic fractionation in K-feldspar: Effects of mineral chemistry
  5. Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars
  6. The effect of A-site cations on charge-carrier mobility in Fe-rich amphiboles
  7. Calorimetry and structural analysis of uranyl sulfates with rare topologies
  8. Biological control of ultra-skeleton mineralization in coral
  9. Systematic study of high field strength elements during liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt
  10. Clustering and interfacial segregation of radiogenic Pb in a mineral host-inclusion system: Tracing two-stage Pb and trace element mobility in monazite inclusions in rutile
  11. First application of scintillator-based photon-counting computed tomography to rock samples: Preliminary results and prospects
  12. GCDkit.Mineral: A customizable, platform-independent R-language environment for recalculation, plotting, and classification of electron probe microanalyses of common rock-forming minerals
  13. Apatite as an archive of pegmatite-forming processes: An example from the Berry-Havey pegmatite (Maine, U.S.A.)
  14. Re-examination of vesbine in vanadate-rich sublimate-related associations of Vesuvius (Italy): Mineralogical features and origin
  15. Temperature and compositional dependences of H2O solubility in majorite
  16. Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-9106
Keywords for this article
Germanium; sulfides; LA-ICP-MS; mineral weathering; element mobility; Critical Minerals for a Sustainable Future

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Germanium distribution in Mississippi Valley-Type systems from sulfide deposition to oxidative weathering: A perspective from Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China
  2. Characterization and potential toxicity of asbestiform erionite from Gawler Downs, New Zealand
  3. First widespread occurrence of rare phosphate chladniite in a meteorite, winonaite Graves Nunataks (GRA) 12510: Implications for phosphide–phosphate redox buffered genesis in meteorites
  4. K isotopic fractionation in K-feldspar: Effects of mineral chemistry
  5. Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars
  6. The effect of A-site cations on charge-carrier mobility in Fe-rich amphiboles
  7. Calorimetry and structural analysis of uranyl sulfates with rare topologies
  8. Biological control of ultra-skeleton mineralization in coral
  9. Systematic study of high field strength elements during liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt
  10. Clustering and interfacial segregation of radiogenic Pb in a mineral host-inclusion system: Tracing two-stage Pb and trace element mobility in monazite inclusions in rutile
  11. First application of scintillator-based photon-counting computed tomography to rock samples: Preliminary results and prospects
  12. GCDkit.Mineral: A customizable, platform-independent R-language environment for recalculation, plotting, and classification of electron probe microanalyses of common rock-forming minerals
  13. Apatite as an archive of pegmatite-forming processes: An example from the Berry-Havey pegmatite (Maine, U.S.A.)
  14. Re-examination of vesbine in vanadate-rich sublimate-related associations of Vesuvius (Italy): Mineralogical features and origin
  15. Temperature and compositional dependences of H2O solubility in majorite
  16. Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution
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