Home Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars

  • Hanlie Hong EMAIL logo , Chen Liu , Thomas J. Algeo and Elizabeth B. Rampe
Published/Copyright: September 9, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 9

Abstract

The source of sulfuric acid and associated aqueous alteration of ancient martian sedimentary rocks remain under debate in the context of divergent models of jarosite formation. Here, we report the formation of sulfates, including jarosite in K-bentonites within shallow-water facies of the Permian-Triassic (P-T) transition at Xiakou in South China. In these strata, jarosite is dispersed in the clay matrix or forms aggregates in pore spaces, has a euhedral morphology, and coexists with variably 34S-depleted paragenetic gypsum and bassanite (δ34S = –37.23‰ to +3.20‰ VCDT). Subaqueous alteration of volcanic tuffs concurrently with oxidation of upwelled, biogenically sourced H2S is the process of jarosite formation in the Xiakou K-bentonites. This mechanism of jarosite precipitation and stability over geological time challenges the long-held view of acidic, water-limited conditions leading to iron(III) sulfate precipitation and would be consistent with possible microbial or nanobial life on early Mars.

Keywords: Tuff; K-bentonite; smectite; jarosite; sulfates; microbial reduction

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank Y.J.L., Q.F., K.Y., and J.Z. for their assistance in HRTEM and SEM analyses, and especially thank Lindsay McHenry, the handling editor, and Sally Potter-McIntyre for their insightful reviews, valuable comments, and suggestions. Funding: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China [42172045, 41972040]. Author contributions: H.L.H. conceived, designed, and performed the research and wrote the original draft. C.L. performed the XRD, SEM, and HRTEM analyses. T.J.A. and E.B.R. wrote some paragraphs and edited the paper. Conflict of Interest: Conflict of interest statement. None declared. Data and materials availability: All raw data and results, including the images in Gatan DM ImageDocument format, are available upon request.

References cited

Algeo, T.J., Henderson, C.M., Tong, J.N., Feng, Q.L., Yin, H.F., and Tyson, R.V. (2013) Plankton and productivity during the Permian-Triassic boundary crisis: An analysis of organic carbon fluxes. Global and Planetary Change, 105, 52–67, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.02.008.Search in Google Scholar

Bauer, A. and Velde, B. (1997) Jarosite formation in weathered siliceous chalk in Fontevrault abbey, Loire Valley, France. Mineralogical Magazine, 61, 705–711, https://doi.Org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.408.10.Search in Google Scholar

Benison, K.C. (2006) A martian analog in Kansas: Comparing martian strata with Permian acid saline lake deposits. Geology, 34, 385–388, https://doi.Org/10.1130/G22176.1.Search in Google Scholar

Bibring, J-P., Langevin, Y., Mustard, J.F., Poulet, F., Arvidson, R., Gendrin, A., Gondet, B., Mangold, N., Pinet, P., Forget, F., and others. (2006) Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science, 312, 400–404, https://doi.Org/10.1126/science.1122659.Search in Google Scholar

Borlina, C.S., Ehlmann, B.L., and Kite, E.S. (2015) Modeling the thermal and physical evolution of Mount Sharp’s sedimentary rocks, Gale crater, Mars: Implications for diagenesis on the MSL Curiosity rover traverse. Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets, 120, 1396–1414, https://doi.Org/10.1002/2015JE004799.Search in Google Scholar

Bristow, T.F., Rampe, E.B., Achilles, C.N., Blake, D.F., Chipera, S.J., Craig, P., Crisp, J.A., Des Marais, D.J., Downs, R.T., Gellert, R., and others. (2018) Clay mineral diversity and abundance in sedimentary rocks of Gale crater, Mars. Science Advances, 4, eaar3330, https://doi.Org/10.1126/sciadv.aar3330.Search in Google Scholar

Chaikovskiy, I.I., Chaikovskaya, E.V., Korotchenkova, O.V., Chirkova, E.P., and Utkina, T.A. (2019) Authigenic titanium and zirconium minerals at the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit. Geochemistry International, 57, 184–196, https://doi.Org/10.1134/S0016702919020046.Search in Google Scholar

Christidis, G.E. (1998) Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 379–399, https://doi.Org/10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460403.Search in Google Scholar

Cronin, S.J., Stewart, C., Zernack, A.V., Brenna, M., Procter, J.N., Pardo, N., Christenson, B., Wilson, T., Stewart, R.B., and Irwin, M. (2014) Volcanic tuff leachate compositions and assessment of health and agricultural hazards from 2012 hydrothermal eruptions, Tongariro, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 286, 233–247, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.002.Search in Google Scholar

de la Fuente, S., Cuadros, J., and Linares, J. (2002) Early stages of volcanic tuff alteration in hydrothermal experiments: Formation of mixed-layer illite-smectite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 578–590, https://doi.Org/10.1346/000986002320679468.Search in Google Scholar

Ehlmann, B.L. and Edwards, C.S. (2014) Mineralogy of the martian surface. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 42, 291–315, https://doi.Org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024.Search in Google Scholar

Elwood Madden, M.E., Madden, A.S., Rimstidt, J.D., Zahrai, S., Kendall, M.R., and Miller, M.A. (2012) Jarosite dissolution rates and nanoscale mineralogy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 91, 306–321, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.05.001.Search in Google Scholar

Fortey, N.J., Merriman, R.J., and Huff, W.D. (1995) Silurian and Late-Ordovician K-bentonites as a record of late Caledonian volcanism in the British Isles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences, 86, 167–180, https://doi.Org/10.1017/S0263593300002212.Search in Google Scholar

Franz, H.B., McAdam, A.C., Ming, D.W., Freissinet, C., Mahaffy, P.R., Eldridge, D.L., Fischer, W.W., Grotzinger, J.P., House, C.H., Hurowitz, J.A., and others. (2017) Large sulfur isotope fractionations in martian sediments at Gale crater. Nature Geoscience, 10, 658–662, https://doi.Org/10.1038/ngeo3002.Search in Google Scholar

Fu, J., Hu, Z., Li, J., Yang, L., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Zong, K., and Hu, S. (2017) Accurate determination of sulfur isotopes (δ33S and δ34S) in sulfides and elemental sulfur by femtosecond laser ablation MC-ICP-MS with non-matrix matched calibration. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 32, 2341–2351, https://doi.Org/10.1039/C7JA00282C.Search in Google Scholar

Hoareau, G., Monnin, C., and Odonne, F. (2011) The stability of gypsum in marine sediments using the entire ODP/IODP porewater composition database. Marine Geology, 279, 87–97, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.014.Search in Google Scholar

Hong, H.L., Ji, K.P., Liu, C., Algeo, T.J., Yin, K., Zhao, L.L., Hochella, M.F., Fang, Q., and Wang, C.W. (2022) Authigenic anatase nanoparticles as a proxy for sedimentary environment and porewater pH. American Mineralogist, 107, 2176–2187, https://doi.Org/10.2138/am-2022-8330.Search in Google Scholar

Hong, H.L., Ji, K.P., Hei, H.T., Wang, C.W., Liu, C., Zhao, L.L., Lanson, B., Zhao, C.L., Fang, Q., and Algeo, T.J. (2023) Clay mineral evolution and formation of intermediate phases during pedogenesis on picrite basalt bedrock under temperate conditions (Yunnan, southwestern China). Catena, 220, 106677, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106677.Search in Google Scholar

Huff, W.D. (2016) K-bentonites: A review. American Mineralogist, 101,43–70, https://doi.Org/10.2138/am-2016-5339.Search in Google Scholar

Hurowitz, J.A., Grotzinger, J.P., Fischer, W.W., McLennan, S.M., Milliken, R.E., Stein, N., Vasavada, A.R., Blake, D.F., Dehouck, E., Eigenbrode, J.L., and others. (2017) Redox stratification of an ancient lake in Gale crater, Mars. Science, 356, eaah6849, https://doi.Org/10.1126/science.aah6849.Search in Google Scholar

Jeans, C.V., Wray, D.S., Merriman, R.J., and Fisher, M.J. (2000) Volcanogenic clays in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of England and the North Sea Basin. Clay Minerals, 35, 25–55, https://doi.Org/10.1180/000985500546710.Search in Google Scholar

Kadír, S., Külah, T., Önalgíl, N., Erkoyun, H., and Elliott, W.C. (2017) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of bentonites in Miocene volcanic-sedimentary units of the Ankara-Çankiri basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 65, 64–91, https://doi.Org/10.1346/CCMN.2017.064051.Search in Google Scholar

Kah, L.C., Stack, K.M., Eigenbrode, J.L., Yingst, R.A., and Edgett, K.S. (2018) Syndepositional precipitation of calcium sulfate in Gale Crater, Mars. Terra Nova, 30, 431–439, https://doi.Org/10.1111/ter.12359.Search in Google Scholar

Kampschulte, A. and Strauss, H. (2004) The sulfur isotopic evolution of Phanerozoic seawater based on the analysis of structurally substituted sulfate in carbonates. Chemical Geology, 204, 255–286, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.013.Search in Google Scholar

Kaplan, I.R. and Rittenberg, S.C. (1964) Microbiological fractionation of sulphur isotopes. Journal of General Microbiology, 34, 195–212, https://doi.Org/10.1099/00221287-34-2-195.Search in Google Scholar

Koch, C.B., Mørup, S., Madsen, M.B., and Vistisen, L. (1995) Iron-containing weathering products of basalt in a cold, dry climate. Chemical Geology, 122, 109–119, https://doi.Org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00002-4.Search in Google Scholar

Kump, L.R., Pavlov, A., and Arthur, M.A. (2005) Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia. Geology, 33, 397–400, https://doi.Org/10.1130/G21295.1.Search in Google Scholar

Lei, L.D., Shen, J., Li, C., Algeo, T.J., Chen, Z.Q., Feng, Q.L., Cheng, M., Jin, C.S., and Huang, J.H. (2017) Controls on regional marine redox evolution during Permian–Triassic transition in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 486, 17–32, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.010.Search in Google Scholar

Elwood Madden, M.E., Bodnar, R.J., and Rimstidt, J.D. (2004) Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars. Nature, 431, 821–823, https://doi.Org/10.1038/nature02971.Search in Google Scholar

Marini, L., Moretti, R., and Accornero, M. (2011) Sulfur isotopes in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, melts, and magmas. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 73, 423–492, https://doi.Org/10.2138/rmg.2011.73.14.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, P.E., Farley, K.A., Baker, M.B., Malespin, C.A., Schwenzer, S.P., Cohen, B.A., Mahaffy, P.R., McAdam, A.C., Ming, D.W., Vasconcelos, P.M., and others. (2017) A two-step K-Ar experiment on Mars: Dating the diagenetic formation of jarosite from Amazonian groundwaters. Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets, 122, 2803–2818, https://doi.Org/10.1002/2017JE005445.Search in Google Scholar

McCollom, T.M. and Hynek, B.M. (2005) A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars. Nature, 438, 1129–1131, https://doi.Org/10.1038/nature04390.Search in Google Scholar

McKenzie, N.R., Horton, B.K., Loomis, S.E., Stockli, D.F., Planavsky, N.J., and Lee, C.T.A. (2016) Continental arc volcanism as the principal driver of icehouse-greenhouse variability. Science, 352, 444–447, https://doi.Org/10.1126/science.aad5787.Search in Google Scholar

McLennan, S.M., Bell, J.F. III, Calvin, W.M., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., de Souza, P.A., Farmer, J., Farrand, W.H., Fike, D.A., Gellert, R., and others. (2005) Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240, 95–121, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.041.Search in Google Scholar

Niles, P.B. and Michalski, J. (2009) Meridiani Planum sediments on Mars formed through weathering in massive ice deposits. Nature Geoscience, 2, 215–220, https://doi.Org/10.1038/ngeo438.Search in Google Scholar

Özdamar, Ş., Ece, Ö.I., Uz, B., Boylu, F., Ercan, H.Ü., and Yanik, G. (2014) Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications. Clay Minerals, 49, 609–633, https://doi.Org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.01.Search in Google Scholar

Pei, Y., Duda, J.P., and Reitner, J. (2021) Sedimentary factories and ecosystem change across the Permian-Triassic Critical Interval (P-TrCI): insights from the Xiakou area (South China). PalZ, 95, 709–725, https://doi.Org/10.1007/s12542-020-00530-x.Search in Google Scholar

Potter-McIntyre, S.L. and McCollom, T.M. (2018) Jarosite and alunite in ancient terrestrial sedimentary rocks: Reinterpreting martian depositional and diagenetic environmental conditions. Life, 8, 32, https://doi.Org/10.3390/life8030032.Search in Google Scholar

Poulet, F., Bibring, J.-P., Mustard, J.F., Gendrin, A., Mangold, N., Langevin, Y., Arvidson, R.E., Gondet, B., Gomez, C., and the Omega Team. (2005) Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early martian climate. Nature, 438, 623–627, https://doi.Org/10.1038/nature04274.Search in Google Scholar

Rampe, E.B., Ming, D.W., Blake, D.F., Bristow, T.F., Chipera, S.J., Grotzinger, J.P., Morris, R.V., Morrison, S.M., Vaniman, D.T., Yen, A.S., and others. (2017) Mineralogy of an ancient lacustrine mudstone succession from the Murray formation, Gale crater, Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 471, 172–185, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.021.Search in Google Scholar

Rampe, E.B., Blake, D.F., Bristow, T.F., Ming, D.W., Vaniman, D.T., Morris, R.V., Achilles, C.N., Chipera, S.J., Morrison, S.M., Tu, V.M., and others. (2020) Mineralogy and geochemistry of sedimentary rocks and eolian sediments in Gale crater, Mars: A review after six Earth years of exploration with Curiosity. Chemie der Erde, 80, 125605, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125605.Search in Google Scholar

Reynolds, R.C. Jr. and Reynolds, R.C. III (1996) NEWMOD-for-Windows. The Calculation of One-dimensional X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mixed-layered Clay Minerals. Hanover, New Hampshire.Search in Google Scholar

Saricaoğlu, S., Dengiz, O., and Isik, K. (2021) Assessment of biogeochemical-mineralogical characteristic and weathering indices of soils developed on basaltic parent material and toposequence under subhumid ecosystem. Geomicrobiology Journal, 38, 451–465, https://doi.Org/10.1080/01490451.2021.1879971.Search in Google Scholar

Shen, J. (2014) Volcanic Effects to Marine Environments and Organisms across the Permian-Triassic transition in South China. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).Search in Google Scholar

Shen, J., Algeo, T.J., Feng, Q., Zhou, L., Feng, L., Zhang, N., and Huang, J. (2013) Volcanically induced environmental change at the Permian–Triassic boundary (Xiakou, Hubei Province, South China): Related to West Siberian coal-field methane releases? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 75, 95–109, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.07.013.Search in Google Scholar

Somelar, P, Kirsimäe, K., Hints, R., and Kirs, J. (2010) Illitization of early Paleozoic K-bentonites in the Baltic basin: Decoupling of burial- and fluid-driven processes. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 388–398, https://doi.Org/10.1346/CCMN.2010.0580309.Search in Google Scholar

Środoń, J., Drits, V.A., McCarty, D.K., Hsieh, J.C.C., and Eberl, D.D. (2001) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of clay-bearing rocks from random preparations. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 514–528, https://doi.Org/10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490604.Search in Google Scholar

Stern, J.C., Malespin, C.A., Eigenbrode, J.L., Webster, C.R., Flesch, G., Franz, H.B., Graham, H.V., House, C.H., Sutter, B., Archer, P.D. Jr., and others. (2022) Organic carbon concentrations in 3.5-billion-year-old lacustrine mudstones of Mars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119, e2201139119, https://doi.Org/10.1073/pnas.2201139119.Search in Google Scholar

Sulieman, M.M.Sh., Sallam, A., Brevik, E.C., and Al-farraj, A.S. (2020) Investigation of the clay minerals composition of soils derived from basalt parent materials in the Early Miocene to Early Pleistocene on the Arabian Shield using multiple techniques: Implications for paleoclimatic conditions. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 297, https://doi.Org/10.1007/s12665-020-09038-8.Search in Google Scholar

Vaniman, D.T., Martínez G.M., Rampe, E.B., Bristow, T.F., Blake, D.F., Yen, A.S., Ming, D.W., Rapin, W., Meslin, P.Y., Morookian, J.M., and others. (2018) Gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite at Gale crater, Mars. American Mineralogist, 103, 1011–1020, https://doi.Org/10.2138/am-2018-6346.Search in Google Scholar

Yin, H.F., Huang, S.J., Zhang, K.X., Hansen, H.J., Yang, F.Q., Ding, M.H., and Bie, X.M. (1992) The effects of volcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in South China. In W.C. Sweet, Z. Yang, J.M. Dickins, and H. Yin, Eds., Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys, p. 169–174. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yoshida, H., Hasegawa, H., Katsuta, N., Maruyama, I., Sirono, S., Minami, M., Asahara, Y., Nishimoto, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Ichinnorov, N., and others. (2018) Fe-oxide concretions formed by interacting carbonate and acidic waters on Earth and Mars. Science Advances, 4, eaau0872, https://doi.Org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0872.Search in Google Scholar

Zimbelman, D.R., Rye, R.O., and Breit, B.N. (2005) Origin of secondary sulfate minerals on active andesitic stratovolcanoes. Chemical Geology, 215, 37–60, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.056.Search in Google Scholar

Zolotov, M.Y. and Shock, E.L. (2005) Formation of jarosite-bearing deposits through aqueous oxidation of pyrite at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L21203, https://doi.Org/10.1029/2005GL024253.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-05-15
Accepted: 2023-12-13
Published Online: 2024-09-09
Published in Print: 2024-09-25

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Germanium distribution in Mississippi Valley-Type systems from sulfide deposition to oxidative weathering: A perspective from Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China
  2. Characterization and potential toxicity of asbestiform erionite from Gawler Downs, New Zealand
  3. First widespread occurrence of rare phosphate chladniite in a meteorite, winonaite Graves Nunataks (GRA) 12510: Implications for phosphide–phosphate redox buffered genesis in meteorites
  4. K isotopic fractionation in K-feldspar: Effects of mineral chemistry
  5. Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars
  6. The effect of A-site cations on charge-carrier mobility in Fe-rich amphiboles
  7. Calorimetry and structural analysis of uranyl sulfates with rare topologies
  8. Biological control of ultra-skeleton mineralization in coral
  9. Systematic study of high field strength elements during liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt
  10. Clustering and interfacial segregation of radiogenic Pb in a mineral host-inclusion system: Tracing two-stage Pb and trace element mobility in monazite inclusions in rutile
  11. First application of scintillator-based photon-counting computed tomography to rock samples: Preliminary results and prospects
  12. GCDkit.Mineral: A customizable, platform-independent R-language environment for recalculation, plotting, and classification of electron probe microanalyses of common rock-forming minerals
  13. Apatite as an archive of pegmatite-forming processes: An example from the Berry-Havey pegmatite (Maine, U.S.A.)
  14. Re-examination of vesbine in vanadate-rich sublimate-related associations of Vesuvius (Italy): Mineralogical features and origin
  15. Temperature and compositional dependences of H2O solubility in majorite
  16. Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-9062
Keywords for this article
Tuff; K-bentonite; smectite; jarosite; sulfates; microbial reduction

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Germanium distribution in Mississippi Valley-Type systems from sulfide deposition to oxidative weathering: A perspective from Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China
  2. Characterization and potential toxicity of asbestiform erionite from Gawler Downs, New Zealand
  3. First widespread occurrence of rare phosphate chladniite in a meteorite, winonaite Graves Nunataks (GRA) 12510: Implications for phosphide–phosphate redox buffered genesis in meteorites
  4. K isotopic fractionation in K-feldspar: Effects of mineral chemistry
  5. Jarosite formation in Permian-Triassic strata at Xiakou (South China): Implications for jarosite precipitation from H2S upwelling on Mars
  6. The effect of A-site cations on charge-carrier mobility in Fe-rich amphiboles
  7. Calorimetry and structural analysis of uranyl sulfates with rare topologies
  8. Biological control of ultra-skeleton mineralization in coral
  9. Systematic study of high field strength elements during liquid immiscibility between carbonatitic melt and silicate melt
  10. Clustering and interfacial segregation of radiogenic Pb in a mineral host-inclusion system: Tracing two-stage Pb and trace element mobility in monazite inclusions in rutile
  11. First application of scintillator-based photon-counting computed tomography to rock samples: Preliminary results and prospects
  12. GCDkit.Mineral: A customizable, platform-independent R-language environment for recalculation, plotting, and classification of electron probe microanalyses of common rock-forming minerals
  13. Apatite as an archive of pegmatite-forming processes: An example from the Berry-Havey pegmatite (Maine, U.S.A.)
  14. Re-examination of vesbine in vanadate-rich sublimate-related associations of Vesuvius (Italy): Mineralogical features and origin
  15. Temperature and compositional dependences of H2O solubility in majorite
  16. Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 17.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2023-9062/html
Scroll to top button