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Characterizing basalt-atmosphere interactions on Venus: A review of thermodynamic and experimental results

  • Justin Filiberto EMAIL logo and Molly C. McCanta ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: May 4, 2024
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 5

Abstract

The surface of Venus is in contact with a hot (~470 °C), high pressure (92 bars), and caustic (CO2 with S, but little H2O) atmosphere, which should cause progressive alteration of the crust in the form of sulfate and iron-oxide coatings; however, the exact rate of alteration and mineral species are not well constrained. Different experimental approaches, each with its own limitations, are currently being used to constrain mineralogy and alteration rates. One note is that no experimental approach has been able to fully replicate the necessary conditions and sustain them for a significant length of time. Furthermore, geochemical modeling studies can also constrain surface alteration mineralogy, again with different assumptions and limitations. Here, we review recent geochemical modeling and experimental studies to constrain the state of the art for alteration mineralogy, rate of alteration, open questions about the surface mineralogy of Venus, and what can be constrained before the fleet of missions arrives later this decade.

Combining the new results confirms that basalt on the surface of Venus should react quickly and form coatings of sulfates and iron-oxides; however, the mineralogy and rate of alteration are dependent on physical properties of the protolith (including bulk composition, mineralogy, and crystallinity), as well as atmospheric composition, and surface temperature. Importantly, the geochemical modeling results show that the mineralogy is largely controlled by atmospheric oxygen fugacity, which is not well constrained for the near-surface environment on Venus. Therefore, alteration experiments run over a range of oxygen and sulfur fugacities are needed across a wide range of Venus analog materials with varying mineralogy and crystallinity.

Keywords: Venus; experimental petrology; sulfates; iron oxides; weathering; atmosphere; alteration rate; oxygen fugacity

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank S.P. Schwenzer for helpful discussions and A. Santos and N. Johnson for reviews that helped clarify the manuscript. The authors acknowledge partial support from NASA Grant 80NSSC17K0766. Partial support for this research was provided by NASA’s Planetary Science Division Research Program, through ISFM and DAVINCI.

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Received: 2023-03-30
Accepted: 2023-07-05
Published Online: 2024-05-04
Published in Print: 2024-05-27

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2023-9015
Keywords for this article
Venus; experimental petrology; sulfates; iron oxides; weathering; atmosphere; alteration rate; oxygen fugacity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Perspectives
  2. Characterizing basalt-atmosphere interactions on Venus: A review of thermodynamic and experimental results
  3. Influence of crystallographic anisotropy on the electrical conductivity of apatite at high temperatures and high pressures
  4. Using pyrite composition to track the multi-stage fluids superimposed on a porphyry Cu system
  5. Geochemical discrimination of pyrite in diverse ore deposit types through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques
  6. Correlation between Si-Al disorder and hydrogen-bonding distance variation in ussingite (Na2AlSi3O8OH) revealed by one- and two-dimensional multi-nuclear NMR and first-principles calculation
  7. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction on the structure of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite in the lower mantle
  8. Multi-scale and multi-modal imaging study of mantle xenoliths and petrological implications
  9. Mineral and crystal chemical study of pseudo-C2/m non-metamict chevkinite-(Ce): An investigation into the intracrystalline distribution of LREE, HREE, and octahedral cations in samples from the Azores and Pakistan
  10. Evolution of layering in a migmatite sample: Implications for the petrogenesis of multidomain monazite and zircon
  11. Waipouaite, Ca3 (V4.54+V0.55+) O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O, a new polyoxovanadate mineral from the Aranga Quarry, New Zealand
  12. Scandio-winchite, ideally□(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2: The first Sc-dominant amphibole-supergroup mineral from Jordanów Śląski, Lower Silesia, southwestern Poland
  13. Znucalite, the only known zinc uranyl carbonate: Its crystal structure and environmental implications
  14. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023 to Razvan Caracas
  15. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023
  16. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024 to Sharon Tahirkheli
  17. Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024
  18. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023 to Shaunna M. Morrison
  19. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023
  20. Presentation of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Georges Calas
  21. Acceptance of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  22. Book Review
  23. Book Review: Cosmochemistry
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