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Influence of crystallographic anisotropy on the electrical conductivity of apatite at high temperatures and high pressures

  • Ziming Hu , Lidong Dai ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Haiying Hu EMAIL logo , Wenqing Sun , Mengqi Wang , Chenxin Jing , Chuanyu Yin , Song Luo and Jinhua Lai
Published/Copyright: May 4, 2024
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 5

Abstract

The electrical conductivity of apatite single crystals along three main crystalline directions was measured in situ using a YJ-3000t multi-anvil apparatus and a combined system consisting of the impedance/gain-phase analyzer (Solartron 1260) and dielectric interface (Solartron 1296) at 973–1373 K and 1.0–3.0 GPa. The obtained results indicate that the relationship between the electrical conductivity and temperature conforms to the Arrhenius relation. At 2.0 GPa, the electrical conductivity of apatite with relatively high activation enthalpies of 1.92–2.24 eV shows a significant anisotropy with an extremely high anisotropic degree (τ = ~8–16) value. For a given [001] crystallographic orientation, the electrical conductivity of apatite slightly decreases with increasing pressure, and its corresponding activation energy and activation volume of charge carriers are 2.05 ± 0.06 eV and 9.31 ± 0.98 cm3/mol, respectively. All of these observed anomalously high activation enthalpy and positive activation volume values suggest that the main conduction mechanism is related to the monovalent fluorine anion at high temperature and high pressure. Furthermore, three representative petrological average schemes, including the parallel, Hashin-Shtrikman upper bound, and average models were selected to establish the functional relation for the electrical conductivity of the phlogopite-apatite-peridotite rock system along with the volume percentages of apatite ranging from 1 to 10% at 973–1373 K and 2.0 GPa. For a typical Hashin-Shtrikman upper bound model, the electrical conductivity-depth profile for peridotite containing the 10% volume percentage of apatite was successfully constructed in conjunction with our acquired anisotropic electrical conductivity results and available temperature gradient data (11.6 and 27.6 K/km) at depths of 20–90 km. Although the presence of apatite in peridotite cannot explain the high-conductivity anomalies in western Junggar of Xinjiang autonomous region, it may provide a reasonable constraint on those of representative apatite-rich areas.

Keywords: Apatite; electrical conductivity; anisotropy; fluorine conduction; high pressure; Physics and Chemistry of Earth’s Deep Mantle and Core

† Special collection papers can be found online at our website in the Special Collection section.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank Geeth Manthilake from Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, National Center for Scientific Research, France, an anonymous reviewer, and associate editor Mainak Mookherjee from Earth Materials Laboratory, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, U.S.A., for their very helpful comments and suggestions in the reviewing process, which helped us greatly in improving the manuscript. Some beneficial discussions for the error analysis of electron microprobe measurements in apatite single crystal were conducted with Li Xiang from State Key Laboratory of Ore-Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS. The native English speaker of Professor Sathiyadhas Sahaya Jude Dhas from Department of Physics, Kings Engineering College, India, was appreciated to provide a professional help in the English improvements of the revised manuscript. In addition, we are very grateful to the advanced English editing service of AJE (American Journal Experts) company for their great help in English expression style and writing skill in the final edition. This research was financially supported by the NSF of China (grant numbers 42072055 and 42274137) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (grant number 2019390).

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Received: 2022-12-07
Accepted: 2023-07-24
Published Online: 2024-05-04
Published in Print: 2024-05-27

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Perspectives
  2. Characterizing basalt-atmosphere interactions on Venus: A review of thermodynamic and experimental results
  3. Influence of crystallographic anisotropy on the electrical conductivity of apatite at high temperatures and high pressures
  4. Using pyrite composition to track the multi-stage fluids superimposed on a porphyry Cu system
  5. Geochemical discrimination of pyrite in diverse ore deposit types through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques
  6. Correlation between Si-Al disorder and hydrogen-bonding distance variation in ussingite (Na2AlSi3O8OH) revealed by one- and two-dimensional multi-nuclear NMR and first-principles calculation
  7. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction on the structure of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite in the lower mantle
  8. Multi-scale and multi-modal imaging study of mantle xenoliths and petrological implications
  9. Mineral and crystal chemical study of pseudo-C2/m non-metamict chevkinite-(Ce): An investigation into the intracrystalline distribution of LREE, HREE, and octahedral cations in samples from the Azores and Pakistan
  10. Evolution of layering in a migmatite sample: Implications for the petrogenesis of multidomain monazite and zircon
  11. Waipouaite, Ca3 (V4.54+V0.55+) O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O, a new polyoxovanadate mineral from the Aranga Quarry, New Zealand
  12. Scandio-winchite, ideally□(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2: The first Sc-dominant amphibole-supergroup mineral from Jordanów Śląski, Lower Silesia, southwestern Poland
  13. Znucalite, the only known zinc uranyl carbonate: Its crystal structure and environmental implications
  14. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023 to Razvan Caracas
  15. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023
  16. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024 to Sharon Tahirkheli
  17. Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024
  18. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023 to Shaunna M. Morrison
  19. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023
  20. Presentation of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Georges Calas
  21. Acceptance of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  22. Book Review
  23. Book Review: Cosmochemistry
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8900
Keywords for this article
Apatite; electrical conductivity; anisotropy; fluorine conduction; high pressure; Physics and Chemistry of Earth’s Deep Mantle and Core

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Perspectives
  2. Characterizing basalt-atmosphere interactions on Venus: A review of thermodynamic and experimental results
  3. Influence of crystallographic anisotropy on the electrical conductivity of apatite at high temperatures and high pressures
  4. Using pyrite composition to track the multi-stage fluids superimposed on a porphyry Cu system
  5. Geochemical discrimination of pyrite in diverse ore deposit types through statistical analysis and machine learning techniques
  6. Correlation between Si-Al disorder and hydrogen-bonding distance variation in ussingite (Na2AlSi3O8OH) revealed by one- and two-dimensional multi-nuclear NMR and first-principles calculation
  7. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction on the structure of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite in the lower mantle
  8. Multi-scale and multi-modal imaging study of mantle xenoliths and petrological implications
  9. Mineral and crystal chemical study of pseudo-C2/m non-metamict chevkinite-(Ce): An investigation into the intracrystalline distribution of LREE, HREE, and octahedral cations in samples from the Azores and Pakistan
  10. Evolution of layering in a migmatite sample: Implications for the petrogenesis of multidomain monazite and zircon
  11. Waipouaite, Ca3 (V4.54+V0.55+) O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O, a new polyoxovanadate mineral from the Aranga Quarry, New Zealand
  12. Scandio-winchite, ideally□(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2: The first Sc-dominant amphibole-supergroup mineral from Jordanów Śląski, Lower Silesia, southwestern Poland
  13. Znucalite, the only known zinc uranyl carbonate: Its crystal structure and environmental implications
  14. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023 to Razvan Caracas
  15. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2023
  16. Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024 to Sharon Tahirkheli
  17. Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024
  18. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023 to Shaunna M. Morrison
  19. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023
  20. Presentation of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Georges Calas
  21. Acceptance of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  22. Book Review
  23. Book Review: Cosmochemistry
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