Modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite in banded iron-formations and implications for high-grade Fe mineralization during retrogressive metamorphism
Abstract
Modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite in banded iron formations (BIFs) are ideal minerals for studying hydrothermal and metamorphic processes and are applied to linking with high-grade Fe mineralization and metamorphism in iron deposits hosted by BIFs. In this study, we have investigated the geochemical composition of modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite and in situ U-Pb geochronology on apatite from the Huogezhuang BIF-hosted Fe deposit in northeastern China. The magnetite in metamorphosed BIF is modified, locally fragmented, and forms millimeter- to micrometer-scale bands. The apatite is present surrounding or intergrowing with magnetite, has corroded surfaces, and contains irregular impurities and fluid inclusions, indicating that it has been partly hydrothermally altered. Original element compositions (e.g., Fe, Al, Ti, K, Mg, and Mn) of magnetite in BIFs have been modified during high-grade Fe mineralization and retrogressive metamorphism with temperature reduction and addition of acids. The hydrothermally altered apatite has been relatively reduced in the contents of Ca, P, F, La, Ce, Nd, δCe, δEu, and total REEs compared to non-altered apatite. The magnetite and apatite in low-grade BIFs are poorer in FeOT than those from the high-grade Fe ores, indicating that Fe is remobilized during the transition from BIFs to high-grade Fe ores. The magnetite and apatite in high-grade Fe ores are overgrown by greenschist-facies minerals formed during retrograde metamorphism, suggesting that the high-grade Fe mineralization may be related to retrogressive metamorphism. In situ U-Pb geochronology of apatite intergrown with magnetite and zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating at Huogezhuang deposit reveals that the BIF-hosted magnetite was altered and remobilized at ca. 1950–1900 Ma, and deposition of the BIF began during the Late Neoarchean. The changes of elements in the modified magnetite and diferent geochemical compositions of the altered and unaltered apatite confirm that the modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite can be efective in tracing high-grade Fe mineralization and retrogressive metamorphism in BIFs.
Funding statement: This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Numbers 42302086, 92162101, 41872080), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Number 2020YFA0714802), and the Most Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB), China (Number MSFGPMR201804).
Acknowledgments
We thank Kunfeng Qiu (CUGB), Shengchao Xue (CUGB), and the staff at the Huogezhuang deposit for their support in the field. This paper benefitted greatly from constructive comments of Zhaochong Zhang and the anonymous reviewers. We are also grateful to Associate Editor Thomas Mueller for his valuable help in handling this paper.
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© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America
Articles in the same Issue
- Crystal chemistry and thermodynamic properties of zircon structure-type materials
- Thermal and combined high-temperature and high-pressure behavior of a natural intermediate scapolite
- Crystal structure, hydrogen bonding, and high-pressure behavior of the hydroxide perovskite MgSi(OH)6: A phase relevant to deep subduction of hydrated oceanic crust
- Equilibrium Sn isotope fractionation between aqueous Sn and Sn-bearing minerals: Constrained by first-principles calculations
- Raman spectroscopic investigation of selected natural uranyl sulfate minerals
- Modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite in banded iron-formations and implications for high-grade Fe mineralization during retrogressive metamorphism
- Apatite trace element composition as an indicator of ore deposit types: A machine learning approach
- Identifying serpentine minerals by their chemical compositions with machine learning
- Crystal habit (tracht) of groundmass pyroxene crystals recorded magma ascent paths during the 2011 Shinmoedake eruption
- Reconstructing diagenetic mineral reactions from silicified horizons of the Paleoproterozoic Biwabik Iron Formation, Minnesota
- Mannardite as the main vanadium-hosting mineral in black shale-hosted vanadium deposits, South China
- Molybdenite-bearing vugs in microgranite in the Preissac pluton, Québec, Canada: Relicts of aqueous fluid pockets?
- The equilibrium boundary of the reaction Mg3Al2Si3O12 + 3CO2 = Al2SiO5 + 2SiO2 + 3MgCO3 at 3–6 GPa
- Discussion
- Comment on Lee et al. (2022) “Reexamination of the structure of opal-A: A combined study of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis”— Concerning opal
- Reply
- On “Reexamination of the structure of opal-A: A combined study of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis”—Reply to de Jong
- American Mineralogist thanks the Reviewers for 2023
Articles in the same Issue
- Crystal chemistry and thermodynamic properties of zircon structure-type materials
- Thermal and combined high-temperature and high-pressure behavior of a natural intermediate scapolite
- Crystal structure, hydrogen bonding, and high-pressure behavior of the hydroxide perovskite MgSi(OH)6: A phase relevant to deep subduction of hydrated oceanic crust
- Equilibrium Sn isotope fractionation between aqueous Sn and Sn-bearing minerals: Constrained by first-principles calculations
- Raman spectroscopic investigation of selected natural uranyl sulfate minerals
- Modified magnetite and hydrothermal apatite in banded iron-formations and implications for high-grade Fe mineralization during retrogressive metamorphism
- Apatite trace element composition as an indicator of ore deposit types: A machine learning approach
- Identifying serpentine minerals by their chemical compositions with machine learning
- Crystal habit (tracht) of groundmass pyroxene crystals recorded magma ascent paths during the 2011 Shinmoedake eruption
- Reconstructing diagenetic mineral reactions from silicified horizons of the Paleoproterozoic Biwabik Iron Formation, Minnesota
- Mannardite as the main vanadium-hosting mineral in black shale-hosted vanadium deposits, South China
- Molybdenite-bearing vugs in microgranite in the Preissac pluton, Québec, Canada: Relicts of aqueous fluid pockets?
- The equilibrium boundary of the reaction Mg3Al2Si3O12 + 3CO2 = Al2SiO5 + 2SiO2 + 3MgCO3 at 3–6 GPa
- Discussion
- Comment on Lee et al. (2022) “Reexamination of the structure of opal-A: A combined study of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis”— Concerning opal
- Reply
- On “Reexamination of the structure of opal-A: A combined study of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis”—Reply to de Jong
- American Mineralogist thanks the Reviewers for 2023