Telescoped boiling and cooling mechanisms triggered hydrothermal stibnite precipitation: Insights from the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan China

References Cited

Deng, J. and Wang, Q.F. (2016) Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework. Gondwana Research, 36, 219–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.10.003Search in Google Scholar

Deng, J., Wang, Q., and Li, G. (2017) Tectonic evolution, superimposed orogeny, and composite metallogenic system in China. Gondwana Research, 50, 216–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.02.005Search in Google Scholar

Deng, J., Zhai, Y., Mo, X., and Wang, Q. (2019) Temporal-spatial distribution of metallic ore deposits in China and their geodynamic settings. Society of Economic Geologists, 22, 103–132.Search in Google Scholar

Deng, J., Wang, Q.F., Santosh, M., Liu, X.F., Liang, Y.Y., Yang, L.Q., Zhao, R., and Yang, L. (2020a) Remobilization of metasomatized mantle lithosphere: A new model for the Jiaodong gold province, eastern China. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 257–274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00925-0Search in Google Scholar

Deng, J., Yang, L.Q., Groves, D.I., Zhang, L., Qiu, K.F., and Wang, Q.F. (2020b) An integrated mineral system model for the gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong province, eastern China. Earth-Science Reviews, 208, 103274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103274Search in Google Scholar

Fu, S.L., Hu, R.Z., Batt, G.E., Danišík, M., Evans, N.J., and Mi, X.F. (2020a) Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometric constraints on the mineralization of the giant Xikuangshan Sb deposit in central Hunan, South China. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 901–912, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00906-3Search in Google Scholar

Fu, S.L., Hu, R.Z., Yin, R.S., Yan, J., Mi, X.F., Song, Z.C., and Sullivan, N. (2020b) Mercury and in situ sulfur isotopes as constraints on the metal and sulfur sources for the world’s largest Sb deposit at Xikuangshan, southern China. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 1353–1364.Search in Google Scholar

Fu, S.L., Lan, Q., and Yan, J. (2020c) Trace element chemistry of hydrothermal quartz and its genetic significance: A case study from the Xikuangshan and Woxi giant Sb deposits in southern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 126, 103732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103732Search in Google Scholar

Fu, S.L., Zajacz, Z., Tsay, A., and Hu, R.Z. (2020d) Can magma degassing at depth donate the metal budget of large hydrothermal Sb deposits? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 290, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.08.029Search in Google Scholar

Fu, S.L., Hu, R.Z., Peng, J.T., Wu, L.Y., and Ma, D.S. (2022) A comprehensive genetic model for the world’s largest Sb deposit. GSA Bulletin 135, 1074–1088, https://doi.org/10.1130/B36424.1Search in Google Scholar

Gao, Z.F., Zhu, X.K., Sun, J., Luo, Z.H., Bao, C., Tang, C., and Ma, J.X. (2018) Spatial evolution of Zn-Fe-Pb isotopes of sphalerite within a single ore body: A case study from the Dongshengmiao ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Mineralium Deposita, 53, 55–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0724-xSearch in Google Scholar

Goldfarb, R.J., Qiu, K.F., Deng, J., Chen, Y.J., and Yang, L.Q. (2019) Orogenic gold deposits of China. In Z.S. Chang and R.J. Goldfarb, Eds., Mineral Deposits of China, p. 263–324. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Gregory, M.J. and Mathur, R. (2017) Understanding Copper Isotope Behavior in the High Temperature Magmatic-Hydrothermal Porphyry Environment. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18, 4000–4015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007026Search in Google Scholar

Hagemann, S.G. and Luders, V. (2003) PTX conditions of hydrothermal fluids and precipitation mechanism of stibnite-gold mineralization at the Wiluna lode-gold deposits, Western Australia: Conventional and infrared microther-mometric constraints. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 936–952, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0351-6Search in Google Scholar

Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Wieser, M.E., de Laeter, J.R., and Varner, M.D. (2007) Molybdenum isotope variations in molybdenite: Vapor transport and Rayleigh fractionation of Mo. Geology, 35, 703–706.Search in Google Scholar

Hofstra, A.H., Marsh, E.E., Todorov, T.I., and Emsbo, P. (2013) Fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic link between simple antimony veins and giant silver veins in the Coeur d’Alene mining district, ID and MT, U.S.A. Geofluids, 13, 475–493, https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12036Search in Google Scholar

Hu, A.X. and Peng, J.T. (2018) Fluid inclusions and ore precipitation mechanism in the giant Xikuangshan mesothermal antimony deposit, South China: Conventional and infrared microthermometric constraints. Ore Geology Reviews, 95, 49–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.02.005Search in Google Scholar

Hu, R.Z., Fu, S.L., Huang, Y., Zhou, M.F., Fu, S.H., Zhao, C.H., Wang, Y.J., Bi, X.W., and Xiao, J.F. (2017) The giant South China Mesozoic low-temperature metallogenic domain: Reviews and a new geodynamic model. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 137, 9–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.10.016Search in Google Scholar

Kaufmann, A.B., Lazarov, M., Kiefer, S., Majzlan, J., and Weyer, S. (2021) In situ determination of antimony isotope ratios in Sb minerals by femtosecond LA-MC-ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36, 1554–1567, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1JA00089FSearch in Google Scholar

Kelley, K., Wilkinson, J., Chapman, J., Crowther, H., and Weiss, D. (2009) Zinc isotopes in sphalerite from base metal deposits in the Red Dog district, northern Alaska. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 104, 767–773, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.6.767Search in Google Scholar

Kendall, B., Dahl, T.W., and Anbar, A.D. (2017) Good golly, why Moly? The stable isotope geochemistry of molybdenum. In F.Z. Teng, J. Watkins, and N. Dauphas, Eds., Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes, 82, 683–732. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar

Krupp, R. (1988) Solubility of stibnite in hydrogen sulfide solutions, speciation, and equilibrium constants, from 25 to 350 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 3005–3015, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90164-0Search in Google Scholar

Li, Y., McCoy-West, A.J., Zhang, S., Selby, D., Burton, K.W., and Horan, K. (2019) Controlling mechanisms for molybdenum isotope fractionation in porphyry deposits: The Qulong example. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 114, 981–992, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4653Search in Google Scholar

Lin, F.M. (2014) On the ore-forming fluid in the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, Central Hunan, 70 p. Master thesis, Central South University.Search in Google Scholar

Lobo, L., Devulder, V., Degryse, P., and Vanhaecke, F. (2012) Investigation of natural isotopic variation of Sb in stibnite ores via multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry—perspectives for Sb isotopic analysis of Roman glass. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 27, 1304–1310, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ja30062aSearch in Google Scholar

Long, Z.Y., Qiu, K.F., Santosh, M., Yu, H.C., Jiang, X.Y., Zou, L.Q., and Tang, D.W. (2022) Fingerprinting the metal source and cycling of the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan, China. GSA Bulletin 135, 286–294.Search in Google Scholar

Luo, Y.R. (2005) Handbook of Bond Dissociation, 411 p. Science Press, Beijing.Search in Google Scholar

Luo, K., Zhou, J.X., Feng, Y.X., Uysal, I.T., Nguyen, A., Zhao, J.X., and Zhang, J. (2020) In situ U-Pb dating of calcite from the South China antimony metallogenic belt. Science, 23, 101575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101575Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., Titley, S., Liermann, L., Buss, H., and Brantley, S. (2005) Cu isotopic fractionation in the supergene environment with and without bacteria. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 5233–5246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.06.022Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Arribas, A., Megaw, P., Wilson, M., Stroup, S., Meyer-Arrivillaga, D., and Arribas, I. (2018) Fractionation of silver isotopes in native silver explained by redox reactions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 224, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.011Search in Google Scholar

Mondillo, N., Wilkinson, J.J., Boni, M., Weiss, D.J., and Mathur, R. (2018) A global assessment of Zn isotope fractionation in secondary Zn minerals from sulfide and non-sulfide ore deposits and model for fractionation control. Chemical Geology, 500, 182–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.09.033Search in Google Scholar

Moynier, F., Vance, D., Fujii, T., and Savage, P. (2017) The isotope geochemistry of zinc and copper. In F.Z. Teng, J. Watkins, and N. Dauphas, Eds., Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes, 82, 543–600. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar

Muntean, J.L., Cline, J.S., Simon, A.C., and Longo, A.A. (2011) Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of Nevada’s Carlin-type gold deposits. Nature Geoscience, 4, 122–127, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1064Search in Google Scholar

Neyedley, K., Hanley, J.J., Fayek, M., and Kontak, D.J. (2017) Textural, fluid inclusion, and stable oxygen isotope constraints on vein formation and gold precipitation at the 007 Deposit, Rice Lake Greenstone Belt, Bissett, Manitoba, Canada. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 112, 629–660, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.112.3.629Search in Google Scholar

Ohmoto, H. (2018) Stable isotople geochemistry of ore deposits. In W.V. John, P.T. Hugh, and R.O.N. James, Eds., Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes, p. 491–560. De Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Penniston-Dorland, S., Liu, X.M., and Rudnick, R. (2017) Lithium isotope geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 82, 165–217, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.82.6Search in Google Scholar

Qiu, K.F., Marsh, E., Yu, H.C., Pfaff, K., Gulbransen, C., Gou, Z.Y., and Li, N. (2017) Fluid and metal sources of the Wenquan porphyry molybdenum deposit, Western Qinling, NW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 86, 459–473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.02.035Search in Google Scholar

Qiu, K.F., Yu, H.C., Deng, J., McIntire, D., Gou, Z.Y., Geng, J.Z., Chang, Z.S., Zhu, R., Li, K.N., and Goldfarb, R. (2020) The giant Zaozigou Au-Sb deposit in West Qinling, China: Magmatic- or metamorphic-hydrothermal origin? Mineralium Deposita, 55, 345–362, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00937-wSearch in Google Scholar

Qiu, K.F., Yu, H.C., Hetherington, C., Huang, Y.Q., Yang, T., and Deng, J. (2021) Tourmaline composition and boron isotope signature as a tracer of magmatic-hydrothermal processes. American Mineralogist, 106, 1033–1044, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7495Search in Google Scholar

Resongles, E., Freydier, R., Casiot, C., Viers, J., Chmeleff, J., and Elbaz-Poulichet, F. (2015) Antimony isotopic composition in river waters affected by ancient mining activity. Talanta, 144, 851–861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.013Search in Google Scholar

Rouxel, O., Ludden, J., and Fouquet, Y. (2003) Antimony isotope variations in natural systems and implications for their use as geochemical tracers. Chemical Geology, 200, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00121-9Search in Google Scholar

Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Seal, R.R., and Bradley, D.C., Eds. (2018) Critical mineral resources of the United States: Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802Search in Google Scholar

Su, W., Heinrich, C.A., Pettke, T., Zhang, X., Hu, R., and Xia, B. (2009) Sediment-hosted gold deposits in Guizhou, China: Products of wall-rock sulfidation by deep crustal fluids. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 104, 73–93, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.73Search in Google Scholar

Tanimizu, M., Araki, Y., Asaoka, S., and Takahashi, Y. (2011) Determination of natural isotopic variation in antimony using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for an uncertainty estimation of the standard atomic weight of antimony. Geochemical Journal, 45, 27–32, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0088Search in Google Scholar

Teng, F.Z. (2017) Magnesium isotope geochemistry. In F.Z. Teng, J. Watkins, and N. Dauphas, Eds., Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes, 82, 219–288. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar

Toutain, J.P., Sonke, J., Munoz, M., Nonell, A., Polvé, M., Viers, J., Freydier, R., Sortino, F., Joron, J.L., and Sumarti, S. (2008) Evidence for Zn isotopic fractionation at Merapi volcano. Chemical Geology, 253, 74–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.04.007Search in Google Scholar

Voisey, C.R., Tomkins, A.G., and Xing, Y. (2020) Analysis of a telescoped orogenic gold system: Insights from the Fosterville Deposit. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 115, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4767Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D., Zheng, Y. Y., Mathur, R., and Wu, S. (2018) The Fe-Zn Isotopic characteristics and fractionation models: Implications for the genesis of the Zhaxikang Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit in Southern Tibet. Geofluids, 2018, 2197891, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2197891Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D., Zheng, Y., Mathur, R., and Yu, M. (2020a) Fractionation of cadmium isotope caused by vapour-liquid partitioning in hydrothermal ore-forming system: A case study of the Zhaxikang Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in Southern Tibet. Ore Geology Reviews, 119, 103400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103400Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Q.F., Yang, L., Xu, X.J., Santosh, M., Wang, Y.N., Wang, T. Y., Chen, F.G., Wang, R.X., Gao, L., Liu, X.F., and others. (2020b) Multi-stage tectonics and metallogeny associated with Phanerozoic evolution of the South China Block: A holistic perspective from the Youjiang Basin. Earth-Science Reviews, 211, 103405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103405Search in Google Scholar

Watkins, J.M., DePaolo, D.J., and Watson, E.B. (2017) Kinetic fractionation of non-traditional stable isotopes by diffusion and crystal growth reactions. In F.Z. Teng, J. Watkins, and N. Dauphas, Eds., Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes, 82, 85–126. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar

Wen, H., Zhu, C., Zhang, Y., Cloquet, C., Fan, H., and Fu, S. (2016) Zn/Cd ratios and cadmium isotope evidence for the classification of lead-zinc deposits. Scientific Reports, 6, 25273, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25273Search in Google Scholar

Wen, B., Zhou, J., Zhou, A., Liu, C., and Li, L. (2018) A review of antimony (Sb) isotopes analytical methods and application in environmental systems. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 128, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.01.008Search in Google Scholar

Williams-Jones, A.E. and Norman, C. (1997) Controls of mineral parageneses in the system Fe-Sb-SO. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 92, 308–324, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.92.3.308Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, N., Webster-Brown, J., and Brown, K. (2007) Controls on stibnite precipitation at two New Zealand geothermal power stations. Geothermics, 36, 330–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2007.04.001Search in Google Scholar

Wu, L.S. and Hu, X.W. (2000) Xikuangshan mica-plagioclase lamprophyre and its granite inclusions, Hunan Province. Geology-Geochemistry, 28, 51–55.Search in Google Scholar

Wu, M., Samson, I.M., Qiu, K., and Zhang, D. (2021) Concentration mechanisms of rare earth element-Nb-Zr-Be mineralization in the Baerzhe Deposit, Northeast China: Insights from textural and chemical features of amphibole and rare metal minerals. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 116, 651–679, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4789Search in Google Scholar

Xie, Z. (2018) Are there Carlin-type gold deposits in China? A comparison of the Guizhou, China, Deposits with Nevada, U. S.A., Deposits. In J.L. Muntean, Ed., Diversity in Carlin-Style Gold Deposits, p. 187–233. Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists.Search in Google Scholar

Xie, G.Q., Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., and Jia, D.C. (2001) Geochemical characteristics of lamprophyres in the Xikuangshan antimony ore deposits, Hunan province. Yanshi Xuebao, 17, 629–636.Search in Google Scholar

Yan, J., Fu, S., Liu, S., Wei, L., and Wang, T. (2022) Giant Sb metallogenic belt in South China: A product of Late Mesozoic flat-slab subduction of paleo-Pacific plate. Ore Geology Reviews, 142, 104697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104697Search in Google Scholar

Yang, R.Y., Ma, D.S., Bao, Z.Y., Pan, J.Y., Cao, S.L., and Xia, F. (2006) Geothermal and fluid flowing simulation of ore-forming antimony deposits in Xikuangshan. Science in China, Series D, Earth Sciences, 49, 862–871, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0862-ySearch in Google Scholar

Yu, H.C., Qiu, K.F., Nassif, M.T., Geng, J.Z., Sai, S.X., Duo, D.W., Huang, Y.Q., and Wang, J. (2020) Early orogenic gold mineralization event in the West Qinling related to closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean-Constraints from the Ludousou gold deposit, central China. Ore Geology Reviews, 117, 103217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103217Search in Google Scholar

Yu, H.C., Qiu, K.F., Hetherington, C.J., Chew, D., Huang, Y.Q., He, D.Y., Geng, J.Z., and Xian, H.Y. (2021) Apatite as an alternative petrochronometer to trace the evolution of magmatic systems containing metamict zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 176, 68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01827-zSearch in Google Scholar

Yu, H.C., Qiu, K.F., Deng, J., Zhu, R., Mathieu, L., Sai, S.X., and Sha, W.J. (2022) Exhuming and preserving epizonal orogenic Au-Sb deposits in rapidly uplifting orogenic settings. Tectonics, 41, 2021TC007165.Search in Google Scholar

Zhai, D., Mathur, R., Liu, S., Liu, J., Godfrey, L., Wang, K., Xu, J., and Vervoort, J. (2021) Antimony isotope fractionation in hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 306, 84–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.05.031Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Y. (2018) Ore-forming fluid evolution and Sb-Au-W metallogensis in the Central Hunan-Northwestern Jiangxi, South China, 161 p. Ph.D. thesis, Nanjing University.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, T.Y., Li, C.Y., Sun, S.J., and Hao, X.L. (2020) Geochemical characteristics of antimony and genesis of antimony deposits in South China. Yanshi Xuebao, 36, 44–54.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, L., Qiu, K., Hou, Z., Pirajno, F., Shivute, E., and Cai, Y. (2021) Fluid-rock reactions of the Triassic Taiyangshan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit (West Qinling, China) constrained by QEMSCAN and iron isotope. Ore Geology Reviews, 132, 104068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104068Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, C.W., Wen, H.J., Zhang, Y.X., Fu, S.H., Fan, H.F., and Cloquet, C. (2017) Cadmium isotope fractionation in the Fule Mississippi Valley-type deposit, Southwest China. Mineralium Deposita, 52, 675–686, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0691-7Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, Z.Y., Jiang, S.Y., Mathur, R., Cook, N.J., Yang, T., Wang, M., Ma, L., and Ciobanu, C.L. (2018) Iron isotope behavior during fluid/rock interaction in K-feldspar alteration zone-A model for pyrite in gold deposits from the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 222, 94–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.10.001Search in Google Scholar

Zotov, A., Shikina, N., and Akinfiev, N. (2003) Thermodynamic properties of the Sb(III) hydroxide complex Sb(OH)_3(aq) at hydrothermal conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 1821–1836, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01281-4Search in Google Scholar