Mineralogy and geochemistry of hot spring deposits at Námafjall, Iceland: Analog for sulfate soils at Gusev crater, Mars
Abstract
Iceland’s Námafjall geothermal area exhibits a range of alteration environments. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses of fumaroles and hot springs interacting with Holocene basaltic lavas at Hverir, and with Pleistocene hyaloclastites atop nearby Námaskarð hill, reveal different patterns of alteration depending on water-rock ratio, degree of oxidation, and substrate composition and age. The focus of this study is on the mineral deposits at and near hot springs at Hverir and Námaskarð. Surface samples, and samples collected from shallow pits in the alteration aprons adjacent to hot springs, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to constrain the differences in composition with both distance and depth. Fluids were analyzed in the field for their environmental parameters and sampled for cation and anion analysis. Fluid analyses revealed uniformly acidic conditions but with site-to-site variation in other parameters such as temperature, salinity, and conductivity. Solid phases identified include amorphous silica, pyrite, elemental sulfur, and kaolinite in the muds, surrounded by Fe2+-sulfate and then Fe3+-sulfate efflorescence, following a redox gradient pattern involving the oxidation of sulfur and then iron with increasing distance. Shallow pits excavated near two Námaskarð hot springs reveal a shallow oxidation front, with sulfide-rich materials below a thin surface of sulfates and elemental sulfur. Silica phases include amorphous silica and quartz. Quartz likely reflects diagenetic maturation of earlier-formed amorphous silica, under surface hydrothermal conditions.
The high iron content of the substrate basalt and the prevalence of Fe-sulfates and Fe-oxides among the alteration products make this geothermal area an especially useful analog for potential martian hydrothermal environments. In particular, these sulfate-rich deposits adjacent to volcanic, acidic hot springs could provide a helpful comparison for sulfur-rich soils in the Columbia Hills on Mars, where some of the same minerals have been identified (e.g., ferricopiapite) or inferred (e.g., rhomboclase).
Acknowledgments and Funding
The authors thank Teri Gerard, Thomas McCollom, Ramy El-Maarry, and Sarah Black for their assistance in the field and Jordan Ludyan and Christopher Vickery for their help in the lab. This research was funded by grants from the UW-Milwaukee Research Growth Initiative (to McHenry) and NASA’s Habitable Worlds (award NNX15AP15G to McHenry). Permission to export samples from Iceland was granted by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History.
References cited
Ármannsson, H. (1993) The Námafjall geothermal system. Chemical characteristics Reykjavík, Orkustofnun report. OS-93053/JHD-29 B, 30p (in Icelandic).Search in Google Scholar
Arnórsson, S. and Andrésdóttir, A. (1995) Processes controlling the distribution of boron and chlorine in natural waters in Iceland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 4125–4146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00278-8Search in Google Scholar
Bibring, J.-P., Langevin, Y., Gendrin, A., Gondet, B., Poulet, F., Berthé, M., Soufflot, A., Arvidson, R., Mangold, N., Mustard, J., and others. (2005) Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science, 307, 1576–1581, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108806Search in Google Scholar
Bigham, J.M. and Nordstrom, D.K. (2000) Iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates from acid sulfate waters. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 40, 351–403.Search in Google Scholar
Byers, H.L., McHenry, L.J., and Grundl, T.J. (2016) Forty-nine major and trace element concentrations measured in Soil Reference Materials NIST SRM 2586, 2587, 2709a, 2710a and 2711a using ICP-MS and Wavelength Dispersive-XRF. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 40, 433–445, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2016.00376.xSearch in Google Scholar
Carson, G.L., McHenry, L.J., Hynek, B.M., Cameron, B.I., and Glenister, C. (2023) Mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of a fumarole at Hverir, Iceland: Analog for acid-sulfate leaching on Mars. American Mineralogist, 108, 409–429.Search in Google Scholar
El-Maarry, M.R., Black, S.R., Hynek, B.M., and McHenry, L.J. (2017) Mineralogy of fumarolic deposits from Iceland as analogs for ancient hydrothermal systems on Mars: Role of temperature. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p. 2870–2871.Search in Google Scholar
Ende, J. J. and Szynkiewicz, A. (2021) Mechanisms of sulfate formation in acidic hydrothermal sites of Iceland, Lassen, Valles Caldera, and Yellowstone: Implications for possible oxidation pathways in martian volcanic settings. Icarus, 368, 114608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114608Search in Google Scholar
Fialips, C.-I., Petit, S., Decarreau, A., and Beaufort, D. (2000) Influence of synthesis pH on kaolinite “crystallinity” and surface properties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480203Search in Google Scholar
Gaillard, F. and Scaillet, B. (2009) The sulfur content of volcanic gases on Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 279, 34–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.028Search in Google Scholar
Geptner, A.R., Ivanovskaya, T.A., Pokrovskaya, E.V., Lyapunov, S.M., Savichev, A.T., Gorbunov, A.V., and Gor’kova, N.V. (2007) Hydrothermally altered hyaloclastites at the Earth’s surface in the rift zone of Iceland: Problem of the biochemogenic accumulation of trace elements. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 42, 453–476, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490207050045Search in Google Scholar
Grotzinger, J.P., Sumner, D.Y., Kah, L.C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., and Milliken, R. (2014) A habitable fluviolacustrine environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Science, 343(6169), 1242777, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242777Search in Google Scholar
Gudmundsson, B.T. and Arnórsson, S. (2005) Secondary mineral-fluid equilibria in the Krafla and Námafjall geothermal systems, Iceland. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 1607–1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.020Search in Google Scholar
Hausrath, E.M., Golden, D.C., Morris, R.V., Agresti, D.G., and Ming, D.W. (2013) Acid sulfate alteration of fluorapatite, basaltic glass and olivine by hydrothermal vapors and fluids: Implications for fumarolic activity and secondary phosphate phases in sulfate-rich Paso Robles soil at Gusev Crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, 118, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004246Search in Google Scholar
Heaney, P.J. (1994) Structure and chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs. In P.J. Heaney, C.T. Prewitt, and G.V. Ginnes, Eds., Silica: Physical behavior, geochemistry, and materials applications, 29, p. 1–40. Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia.Search in Google Scholar
Herdianita, N.R., Browne, P.R.L., Rodgers, K.A., and Campbell, K.A. (2000) Mineralogical and textural changes accompanying ageing of silica sinter. Mineralium Deposita, 35, 48–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050005Search in Google Scholar
Hynek, B.M., McCollom, T.M., Marcucci, E.C., Brugman, K., and Rogers, K.L. (2013) Assessment of environmental controls on acid-sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118, 2083–2104, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20140Search in Google Scholar
Hynek, B.M., Rogers, K.L., Antunovich, M., Avard, G., and Alvarado, G.E. (2018) Lack of microbial diversity in extreme Mars analog settings: Poás volcano, Costa Rica. Astrobiology, 18, 923–933, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1719Search in Google Scholar
Kaasalainen, H. and Stefánsson, A. (2011) Sulfur speciation in natural hydrothermal waters, Iceland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 2777–2791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.036Search in Google Scholar
Kaasalainen, H. and Stefánsson, A. (2012) The chemistry of trace elements in surface geothermal waters and steam, Iceland. Chemical Geology, 330–331, 60–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.08.019Search in Google Scholar
King, P.L. and McSween, H.Y. Jr. (2005) Effects of H2O, pH, and oxidation state on the stability of Fe minerals on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110 (E12), E12S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002482Search in Google Scholar
Lane, M.D., Bishop, J.L., Dyar, M.D., King, P.L., Parente, M., and Hyde, B.C. (2008) Mineralogy of the Paso Robles soils on Mars. American Mineralogist, 93, 728–739, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2008.2757Search in Google Scholar
Lynne, B.Y., Campbell, K.A., Perry, R.S., Browne, P.R.L., and Moore, J.N. (2006) Acceleration of sinter diagenesis in an active fumarole, Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand. Geology, 34, 749–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22523.1Search in Google Scholar
Lynne, B. Y., Campbell, K.A., James, B.J., Browne, P.R.L., and Moore, J. (2007) Tracking crystallinity in siliceous hot-spring deposits. American Journal of Science, 307, 612–641, https://doi.org/10.2475/03.2007.03Search in Google Scholar
Marcucci, E.C. and Hynek, B.M. (2014) Laboratory simulations of acid-sulfate weathering under volcanic hydrothermal conditions: Implications for early Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 119, 679–703, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004439Search in Google Scholar
Marcucci, E.C., Hynek, B.M., Kierein-Young, K.S., and Rogers, K.L. (2013) Visible to near-infrared spectroscopy of volcanic acid-sulfate weathering systems in Nicaragua: Analogs for early Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118, 2213–2233, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20159Search in Google Scholar
Markússon, S.H. and Stefánsson, A. (2011) Geothermal surface alteration of basalts, Krýsuvík Iceland; alteration mineralogy, water chemistry and the effects of acid supply on the alteration process. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 206, 46–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.05.007Search in Google Scholar
McCollom, T.M. and Hynek, B.M. (2005) A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars. Nature, 438, 1129–1131, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04390Search in Google Scholar
McHenry, L.J., Carson, G.L., Dixon, D.T., and Vickery, C.L. (2017) Secondary minerals associated with Lassen fumaroles and hot springs: Implications for martian hydrothermal deposits. American Mineralogist, 102, 1418–1434, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5839Search in Google Scholar
Ming, D.W., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Morris, R.V., Golden, D.C., Gellert, R., Yen, A., Clark, B.C., Squyres, S.W., Farrand, W.H., Ruff, S.W., and others. (2006) Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111 (E2), E02S12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002560Search in Google Scholar
Mínguez, H.A., Ortega, L., Lunar, R., Martínez-Frías, J., and Piña, R. (2011) Mineralogy of the hydrothermal alteration in the Námafjall Geothermal Field (Iceland). MACLA. Revista Española de la Sociedad de Mineralogia, 15, 25–26.Search in Google Scholar
Morris, R.V., Golden, D.C., Bell, J.F. III, Shelfer, T.D., Scheinost, A.C., Hinman, N.W., Furniss, G., Mertzman, S.A., Bishop, J.L., Ming, D.W., and others. (2000) Mineralogy, composition, and alteration of Mars Pathfinder rocks and soils: Evidence from multispectral, elemental, and magnetic data on terrestrial analogue, SNC meteorite, and Pathfinder samples. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (E1), 1757–1817, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001059Search in Google Scholar
Morris, R.V., Klingelhöfer, G., Schröder, C., Fleischer, I., Ming, D.W., Yen, A.S., Gellert, R., Arvidson, R.E., Rodionov, D.S., Crumpler, L.S., and others. (2008) Iron mineralogy and aqueous alteration from Husband Hill through Home Plate at Gusev crater, Mars: Results from the Mössbauer instrument on the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113 (E12), E12S42, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003201Search in Google Scholar
Nordstrom, D.K. and Alpers, C.N. (1999) Geochemistry of acid mine waters. Reviews in Economic Geology, 6A, 133–160.Search in Google Scholar
Parente, M., Bishop, J.L., and Bell, J.F. III (2009) Spectral unmixing for mineral identification in pancam images of soils in Gusev crater, Mars. Icarus, 203(2), 421–436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.029Search in Google Scholar
Peretyazhko, T., Sutter, B., and Ming, D.W. (2014) Alteration of basaltic glass to Mg/Fe smectite under acidic conditions: A potential smectite formation mechanisms on Mars. 51st Clay Minerals Society Meeting; 17–21 May 2014, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.Search in Google Scholar
Peretyazhko, T.S., Niles, P.B., Sutter, B., Morris, R.V., Agresti, D.G., Le, L., and Ming, D.W. (2018) Smectite formation in the presence of sulfuric acid: Implications for acidic smectite formation on early Mars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 220, 248–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.10.004Search in Google Scholar
Reardon, E.J. and Beckie, R.D. (1987) Modelling chemical-equilibria of acid-mine drainage—the FeSO4-H2SO4-H2O system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 2355–2368, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90290-0Search in Google Scholar
Rodgers, K.A., Cook, K.L., Browne, P.R.L., and Campbell, K.A. (2002) The mineralogy, texture and significance of silica derived from alteration by steam condensate in three New Zealand geothermal fields. Clay Minerals, 37, 299–322, https://doi.org/10.1180/0009855023720035Search in Google Scholar
Rodgers, K.A., Browne, P.R.L., Buddle, T.F., Cook, K.L., Greatrex, R.A., Hampton, W.A., Herdianita, N.R., Holland, G.R., Lynne, B. Y., Martin, R., and others. (2004) Silica phases in sinters and residues from geothermal fields of New Zealand. Earth-Science Reviews, 66, 1–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.10.001Search in Google Scholar
Ruff, S.W. and Farmer, J.D. (2016) Silica deposits on Mars with features resembling hot spring biosignatures at El Tatio in Chile. Nature Communications, 7, 13554, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13554Search in Google Scholar
Ruff, S.W., Farmer, J.D., Calvin, W.M., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Morris, R.V., Rice, M.S., Arvidson, R.E., Bell, J.F. III, Christensen, P.R., and others. (2011) Characteristics, distribution, origin, and significance of opaline silica observed by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, E00F23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003767Search in Google Scholar
Ruff, S.W., Campbell, K.A., Van Kranendonk, M.J., Rice, M. S., and Farmer, J.D. (2020) The case for ancient hot springs in Gusev Crater, Mars. Astrobiology, 20, 475–499, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2044Search in Google Scholar
Saemundsson, K., Hjartarson, A., Kaldal, I., Sigurgeirsson, M.A., Kristinsson, S.G., and Vikingsson, S. (2012) Geological map of the northern Volcanic Zone, Iceland. Northern Part. 1:100,000. Reykjavik: Iceland GeoSurvey and Landsvierkjun.Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, M.E., Ruff, S.W., McCoy, T.J., Farrand, W.H., Johnson, J.R., Gellert, R., and others. (2008) Hydrothermal origin of halogens at Home Plate, Gusev crater. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113 (E6).Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt, M.E., Farrand, W.H., Johnson, J.R., Schröder, C., Hurowitz, J.A., McCoy, T.J., Ruff, S.W., Arvidson, R.E., Des Marais, D.J., and Lewis, K.W. (2009) Spectral, mineralogical, and geochemical variations across Home Plate, Gusev Crater, Mars indicate high and low temperature alteration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281, 258–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.030Search in Google Scholar
Schulze-Makuch, D., Dohm, J.M., Fan, C., Fairén, A.G., Rodriguez, J.A.P., Baker, V.R., and Fink, W. (2007) Exploration of hydrothermal targets on Mars. Icarus, 189, 308–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.007Search in Google Scholar
Skok, J.R., Mustard, J.F., Ehlmann, B.L., Milliken, R.E., and Murchie, S.L. (2010) Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars. Nature Geoscience, 3, 838–841, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo990Search in Google Scholar
Squyres, S.W., Aharonson, O., Clark, B.C., Cohen, B.A., Crumpler, L., de Souza, P.A.J., Farrand, W.H., Gellert, R., Grant, J., Grotzinger, J.P., and others. (2007) Pyroclastic activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars. Science, 316, 738–742, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139045Search in Google Scholar
Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R.E., Ruff, S., Gellert, R., Morris, R.V., Ming, D.W., Crumpler, L., Farmer, J.D., Marais, D.J., Yen, A., and others. (2008) Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars. Science, 320, 1063–1067, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155429Search in Google Scholar
Story, S., Bowen, B.B., Benison, K.C., and Schulze, D.G. (2010) Authigenic phyllosilicates in modern acid saline lake sediments and implications for Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (E12), E12012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003687Search in Google Scholar
Tarnas, J.D., Mustard, J.F., Lin, H., Goudge, T.A., Amador, E. S., Bramble, M. S., Kremer, C.H., Zhang, X., Itoh, Y., and Parente, M. (2019) Orbital identification of hydrated silica in Jezero crater, Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 12771–12782, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085584Search in Google Scholar
Velde, B. Ed. (1995) Origin and Mineralogy of Clays, 335 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Walter, M.R. and Des Marais, D.J. (1993) Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: Developing a strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars. Icarus, 101, 129–143, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1011Search in Google Scholar
Wang, A. and Ling, Z.C. (2011) Ferric sulfates on Mars: A combined mission data analysis of salty soils at Gusev crater and laboratory experimental investigations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 116(E7), https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003665Search in Google Scholar
Wang, A., Bell, J.F. III, Li, R., Johnson, J.R., Farrand, W.H., Cloutis, E.A., Arvidson, R.E., Crumpler, L., Squyres, S.W., McLennan, S.M., and others. (2008) Light-toned salty soils and coexisting Si-rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113 (E12), E12S40, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003126Search in Google Scholar
Yen, A.S., Morris, R.V., Clark, B.C., Gellert, R., Knudson, A.T., Squyres, S., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Ming, D.W., Arvidson, R., McCoy, T., and others. (2008) Hydrothermal processes at Gusev Crater: An evaluation of Paso Robles class soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113 (E6), E06S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002978Search in Google Scholar
Yen, A.S., Morris, R.V., Ming, D.W., Schwenzer, S.P., Sutter, B., Vaniman, D.T., Treiman, A.H., Gellert, R., Achilles, C.N., Berger, J.A. and Blake, D.F. (2021) Formation of tridymite and evidence for a hydrothermal history at gale crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 126(3), e2020JE006569.Search in Google Scholar
Zolotov, M.Y. and Shock, E.L. (2005) Formation of jarosite-bearing deposits through aqueous oxidation of pyrite at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L21203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024253Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America
Articles in the same Issue
- Mineralogy and geochemistry of hot spring deposits at Námafjall, Iceland: Analog for sulfate soils at Gusev crater, Mars
- The iron spin transition of deep nitrogen-bearing mineral Fe3N1.2 at high pressure
- Hydrogen occupation and hydrogen-induced volume expansion in Fe0.9Ni0.1Dx at high P-T conditions
- Volumes and spin states of FeHx: Implication for the density and temperature of the Earth’s core
- Thermodynamic characterization of synthetic lead-arsenate apatites with different halogen substitutions
- Structural changes in shocked tektite and their implications to impact-induced glass formation
- Characterization of vandenbrandeite: A potential alteration product of spent nuclear fuel
- The NaCl-CaCO3 and NaCl-MgCO3 systems at 6 GPa: Link between saline and carbonatitic diamond forming melts
- Single-crystal elasticity of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite up to 82 GPa
- Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of fluorapatite to 61 GPa
- Iron and aluminum substitution mechanism in the perovskite phase in the system MgSiO3-FeAlO3-MgO
- Ultrasonic studies of alkali-rich hydrous silicate glasses: Elasticity, density, and implications for water dissolution mechanisms
- Gadolinium-dominant monazite and xenotime: Selective hydrothermal enrichment of middle REE during low-temperature alteration of uraninite, brannerite, and fluorapatite (the Zimná Voda REE-U-Au quartz vein, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
- Nucleation of Th-rich cerianite on halloysite surface in a regolith-hosted rare earth elements deposit in South China
- Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2022 to Cin-Ty Lee
- Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2022
- Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2022 to Benjamin M. Tutolo
- Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2022
- Presentation of the 2022 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to John W. Valley
- Acceptance of the 2022 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
- New Mineral Names
- Book Review
Articles in the same Issue
- Mineralogy and geochemistry of hot spring deposits at Námafjall, Iceland: Analog for sulfate soils at Gusev crater, Mars
- The iron spin transition of deep nitrogen-bearing mineral Fe3N1.2 at high pressure
- Hydrogen occupation and hydrogen-induced volume expansion in Fe0.9Ni0.1Dx at high P-T conditions
- Volumes and spin states of FeHx: Implication for the density and temperature of the Earth’s core
- Thermodynamic characterization of synthetic lead-arsenate apatites with different halogen substitutions
- Structural changes in shocked tektite and their implications to impact-induced glass formation
- Characterization of vandenbrandeite: A potential alteration product of spent nuclear fuel
- The NaCl-CaCO3 and NaCl-MgCO3 systems at 6 GPa: Link between saline and carbonatitic diamond forming melts
- Single-crystal elasticity of (Al,Fe)-bearing bridgmanite up to 82 GPa
- Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of fluorapatite to 61 GPa
- Iron and aluminum substitution mechanism in the perovskite phase in the system MgSiO3-FeAlO3-MgO
- Ultrasonic studies of alkali-rich hydrous silicate glasses: Elasticity, density, and implications for water dissolution mechanisms
- Gadolinium-dominant monazite and xenotime: Selective hydrothermal enrichment of middle REE during low-temperature alteration of uraninite, brannerite, and fluorapatite (the Zimná Voda REE-U-Au quartz vein, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
- Nucleation of Th-rich cerianite on halloysite surface in a regolith-hosted rare earth elements deposit in South China
- Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2022 to Cin-Ty Lee
- Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2022
- Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2022 to Benjamin M. Tutolo
- Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2022
- Presentation of the 2022 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to John W. Valley
- Acceptance of the 2022 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
- New Mineral Names
- Book Review