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Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China

  • Kunfeng Qiu , Haocheng Yu , Mingqian Wu , Jianzhen Geng , Xiangkun Ge , Zongyang Gou and Ryan D. Taylor EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 27, 2019
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 104 Issue 10

Abstract

Although REE (lanthanides + Sc + Y) mineralization in alkaline silicate systems is commonly accompanied with Zr mineralization worldwide, our understanding of the relationship between Zr and REE mineralization is still incomplete. The Baerzhe deposit in Northeastern China is a reservoir of REE, Nb, Zr, and Be linked to the formation of an Early Cretaceous, silica-saturated, alkaline intrusive complex. In this study, we use in situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of zircon and monazite crystals to constrain the relationship between Zr and REE mineralization at Baerzhe.

Three groups of zircon are identified and are differentiated based upon textural observations and compositional characteristics. Type Ia zircons display well-developed oscillatory zoning. Type Ib zircons are darker in cathodoluminescence images and have more irregular zoning and resorption features than type Ia zircons. In addition, type Ib zircons can locally occur as overgrowths on type Ia zircons. Type II zircons contain irregular but translucent cores and rims with oscillatory zoning that are murky brown in color and occur in aggregates. Textural features and compositional data suggest that types Ia and Ib zircon crystallized at the magmatic stage, with type Ia being least-altered and type Ib being strongly altered. Type II zircons, on the other hand, precipitated during the magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Whereas the magnitude of the Eu anomaly is moderate in the barren alkaline granite, both magmatic and deuteric zircon exhibit pronounced negative anomalies. Such features are difficult to explain exclusively by feldspar fractionation and could indicate the presence of fluid induced modification of the rocks. Monazite crystals occur mostly through replacement of zircon and sodic amphibole; monazite clusters are also present. Textural and compositional evidence suggests that monazite at Baerzhe is hydrothermal.

Types Ia and Ib magmatic zircon yield 207Pb-corrected 206Pb/238U ages of 127.2 ± 1.3 and 125.4 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively. Type II deuteric zircon precipitated at 124.9 ± 0.6 Ma. The chronological data suggest that the magmatic stage of the highly evolved Baerzhe alkaline granite lasted less than two million years. Hydrothermal monazite records a REE mineralization event at 122.8 ± 0.6 Ma, approximately 1 or 2 million years after Zr mineralization. We therefore propose a model in which parental magmas of the Baerzhe pluton underwent extensive magmatic differentiation while residual melts interacted with aqueous hydrothermal fluids. Deuteric zircon precipitated from a hydrosilicate liquid, and subsequent REE mineralization, exemplified by hydrothermal monazite, correlates with hydrothermal metasomatic alteration that postdated the hydrosilicate liquid event. Such interplay between magmatic and hydrothermal processes resulted in the formation of discrete Zr and REE mineralization at Baerzhe.

Keywords: Textural relationship; zircon and monazite; in situ LA-ICP-MS analysis; Baerzhe REE-Nb-Zr-Be deposit

rtaylor@usgs.gov

Orcid 0000-0002-3185-9446

Orcid 0000-0002-8845-5290

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Jun Deng, Jade Star Lackey, Emily Peterman, and Michael Williams for thoughtful discussions concerning zircon and monazite morphology and geochemistry. Heather Lowers and Mike Pribil at the U.S. Geological Survey provided instruction, advice, and assistance during SEM and EPMA data collection. Critical and thorough reviews by Callum Hetherington, Charles Thorman, Graham Lederer, and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.

  1. Funding

    This research was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB452606), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41702069, 41773030), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (2652018125, 2652018141), Open Research Project from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources at the China University of Geosciences (GPMR201812), and the 111 Project of the Ministry of Education of China (B07011). K-F Qiu gratefully acknowledges the support of the China Scholarship Council, Society of Economic Geologists, China Postdoctoral Foundation, and K.C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. government.

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Received: 2018-11-11
Accepted: 2019-06-21
Published Online: 2019-09-27
Published in Print: 2019-10-25

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Carbonation and the Urey reaction
  2. Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability
  3. PO4 adsorption on the calcite surface modulates calcite formation and crystal size
  4. High-pressure Raman and Nd3+ luminescence spectroscopy of bastnäsite-(REE)CO3F
  5. Precipitates of α-cristobalite and silicate glass in UHP clinopyroxene from a Bohemian Massif eclogite
  6. Solubility behavior of δ-AlOOH and ɛ-FeOOH at high pressures
  7. Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
  8. Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
  9. Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
  10. Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
  11. Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
  12. Cation ordering, valence states, and symmetry breaking in the crystal-chemically complex mineral chevkinite-(Ce): Recrystallization, transformation, and metamict states in chevkinite
  13. Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China
  14. Origin of Monte Rosa whiteschist from in-situ tourmaline and quartz oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS using new tourmaline reference materials
  15. Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite
  16. Letter
  17. Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing phase E and seismic detection of water in Earth’s upper mantle
  18. Book Review
  19. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6890
Keywords for this article
Textural relationship; zircon and monazite; in situ LA-ICP-MS analysis; Baerzhe REE-Nb-Zr-Be deposit

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Carbonation and the Urey reaction
  2. Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability
  3. PO4 adsorption on the calcite surface modulates calcite formation and crystal size
  4. High-pressure Raman and Nd3+ luminescence spectroscopy of bastnäsite-(REE)CO3F
  5. Precipitates of α-cristobalite and silicate glass in UHP clinopyroxene from a Bohemian Massif eclogite
  6. Solubility behavior of δ-AlOOH and ɛ-FeOOH at high pressures
  7. Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
  8. Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
  9. Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
  10. Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
  11. Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
  12. Cation ordering, valence states, and symmetry breaking in the crystal-chemically complex mineral chevkinite-(Ce): Recrystallization, transformation, and metamict states in chevkinite
  13. Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China
  14. Origin of Monte Rosa whiteschist from in-situ tourmaline and quartz oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS using new tourmaline reference materials
  15. Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite
  16. Letter
  17. Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing phase E and seismic detection of water in Earth’s upper mantle
  18. Book Review
  19. Book Review
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