Home Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China

  • Xianghui Fei , Zhaochong Zhang EMAIL logo , Zhiguo Cheng and M. Santosh
Published/Copyright: September 27, 2019
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

The grossular-andradite solid solutions in garnet from skarn deposits in relation to hydrothermal processes and physicochemical conditions of ore formation remain controversial. Here we investigate garnet occurring in association with calcic and magnesian skarn rocks in the Cuihongshan polymetallic skarn deposit of NE China. The calcic skarn rocks contain three types of garnets. (1) Prograde type I Al-rich anisotropic garnets display polysynthetic twinning and a compositional range of Grs18–80Adr10–75. This type of garnet shows markedly low rare earth element (REE) contents (3.27–78.26 ppm) and is strongly depleted in light rare earth elements (LREE, 0.57–44.65 ppm) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE, 2.31–59.19 ppm). They also display a significantly negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* of 0.03–0.90). (2) Fe-rich retrograde type II garnets are anisotropic with oscillatory zoning and own wide compositional variations (Grs1–47Adr30–95) with flat REE (13.73–377.08 ppm) patterns. (3) Fe-rich retrograde type III isotropic garnets display oscillatory zoning and morphological transition from planar dodecahedral {110} crystal faces to {211} crystal faces in the margin. Types III garnets exhibit relatively narrow compositional variations of Grs0.1–12Adr85–97 with LREE-enrichment (0.80–51.87 ppm), flat HREE patterns (0.15–2.46 ppm) and strong positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* of 0.93–27.07 with almost all >1). The magnesian skarn rocks contain euhedral isotropic type IV Mn-rich garnet veins with a composition of Grs10–23Sps48–62Alm14–29. All calcic garnets contain considerable Sn and W contents. Type II garnet containing intermediate compositions of andradite and grossular shows the highest Sn contents (64.36–2778.92 ppm), albeit the lowest W range (1.11–468.44 ppm). Birefringence of garnet is probably caused by strain from lattice mismatch at a twinning boundary or ion substitution near intermediate compositions of grossular-andradite. The fine-scale, sharp, and straight garnet zones are probably caused by self-organization, but the compositional variations of zones from core to rim are probably caused by external factors. The zoning is likely driven by external factors such as composition of the hydrothermal fluid. REE concentrations are probably influenced by the relative proportion and temperature of the system. Moreover, the LREE-HREE fractionation of garnet can be attributed to relative compositions of grossular-andradite system. The W and Sn concentrations in garnet can be used as indicators for the exploration of W-Sn skarn deposits.

Funding and Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0600502) and the 973 program (2012CB416802). We are grateful to Don Baker and Gregory Dumond, for their helpful suggestions and anonymous referees for their thoughful and constructive comments to improved this paper. We are grateful to Xin Guangde, engineer of the Cuihongshan mining company for his guidance during our field trip. We also thank Li Guowu for his help in mineral analysis..

References cited

Antao, S.M., and Klincker, A.M. (2013) Origin of birefringence in andradite from Arizona, Madagascar, and Iran. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 40, 575–586.10.1007/s00269-013-0594-4Search in Google Scholar

Baghban, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Moayyed, M., Mokhtari, M.A.A., Gregory, D.D., and Mahmoudi, N.H. (2016) Chemical composition and evolution of the garnets in the Astamal Fe-LREE distal skarn deposit, Qara-Dagh–Sabalan metallogenic belt, Lesser Caucasus, NW Iran. Ore Geo. Reviews, 78, 166–175.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.020Search in Google Scholar

Ballaran, T.B., Carpenter, M.A., and Geiger, C.A. (1999) Local structural heterogeneity in garnet solid solutions. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 26, 554–569.10.1007/s002690050219Search in Google Scholar

Barkoff, D.W., Ashley, K.T., and Steele-MacInnis, M. (2017) Pressures of skarn mineralization at Casting Copper, Nevada, USA, based on apatite inclusions in garnet. Geology, 45, 947–950.10.1130/G39177.1Search in Google Scholar

Becker, U., and Pollok, K. (2002) Molecular simulations of interfacial and thermodynamic mixing properties of grossular-andradite garnets. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 29, 52–64.10.1007/s002690100211Search in Google Scholar

Carlson, W.D. (2012) Rates and mechanism of Y, REE, and Cr diffusion in garnet. American Mineralogist, 97, 1598–1618.10.2138/am.2012.4108Search in Google Scholar

Chase, A.B., and Lefever, R.A. (1960) Birefringence of synthetic garnets. American Mineralogist, 45, 1126–1129.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y.X., Zhou, K., Zheng, Y.F., Chen, R.X., and Hu, Z. (2015) Garnet geochemistry records the action of metamorphic fluids in ultrahigh-pressure dioritic gneiss from the Sulu orogeny. Chemical Geology, 198, 46–60.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.01.021Search in Google Scholar

Ciobanu, C.L., and Cook, N.J. (2004) Skarn textures and a case study: the Ocna de Fier-Dognecea orefield, Banat, Romania. Ore Geology Reviews, 24, 315–370.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Ding, T., Ma, D., Lu, J., and Zhang, R. (2018) Garnet and scheelite as indicators of multi-stage tungsten mineralization in the Huangshaping deposit, southern Hunan province, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 94, 193–211.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.029Search in Google Scholar

Downes, M.J. (1974) Sector and oscillatory zoning in calcic augites from M. Etna, Sicily. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47, 187–196.10.1007/BF00371538Search in Google Scholar

Du, W., Clark, S.M., and Walker, D. (2015) Thermo-compression of pyrope-grossular garnet solid solutions: non-linear compositional dependence. American Mineralogist, 100, 215–222.10.2138/am-2015-4752Search in Google Scholar

Du, W., Walker, D., Clark, S.M., Li, X., and Li, B. (2017) Microscopic strain in a grossular-pyrope solution anti-correlates with excess volume through local Mg-Ca cation arrangement, more strongly at high Ca/Mg ratio. American Mineralogist, 102, 2307–2316.10.2138/am-2017-6117Search in Google Scholar

Einaudi, M.T., and Burt, D.M. (1982) A special issue devoted to skarn deposits. Introduction—terminology, classification, and composition of skarn deposits. Economic Geology, 77, 745–754.10.2113/gsecongeo.77.4.745Search in Google Scholar

Enami, M., Cong, B., Yoshida, H., and Kawabe, I. (1995) A mechanism for Na incorporation in garnet: an example from garnet in orthogneiss from the Su-Lu terrane, eastern China. American Mineralogist, 80, 475–482.10.2138/am-1995-5-608Search in Google Scholar

Engi, M., and Wersin, P. (1987) Derivation and application of a solution model for calcic garnet. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 67, 53–73.Search in Google Scholar

Fei, X., Zhang, Z., Cheng, Z., Santosh, M., Jin, Z., Wen, B., Li, Z., and Xu, L. (2018) Highly differentiated magmas linked with polymetallic mineralization: A case study from the Cuihongshan granitic intrusions, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China. Lithos, 302-303, 158–177.10.1016/j.lithos.2017.12.027Search in Google Scholar

Gaspar, M., Knaack, C., Meinert, L.D., and Moretti, R. (2008) REE in skarn systems: a LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the Crown Jewel gold deposit. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 185–205.10.1016/j.gca.2007.09.033Search in Google Scholar

Ginibera, C., Kronz, A., and Wörner, G. (2002) High-resolution quantitative imaging of plagioclase composition using accumulated backscattered electron images: new constraints on oscillatory zoning. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142, 436–448.10.1007/s004100100298Search in Google Scholar

Grew, E.S., Marsh, J.H., Yates, M.G., Lazic, B., Armbruster, T., Locock, A., Bell, S.W., Dyar, M.D., Bernhardt, H-J., and Medenbach, O. (2010) Menzerite-(Y), a new species, {(Y, REE)(Ca, Fe2+2}[(Mg, Fe2+(Fe3+ Al)](Si3O12 from a felsic granulite, Parry Sound, Ontario, and a new garnet end-member, {Y2Ca}[Mg2(Si3O12 Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 1171–1193.10.3749/canmin.48.5.1171Search in Google Scholar

Griffen, D.T., Hatch, D.M., Phillips, W.R., and Kulaksiz, S. (1992) Crystal chemistry and symmetry of a birefringent tetragonal pyralspiter75-grandite25 garnet. American Mineralogist, 77, 399–406.Search in Google Scholar

Gross, J., Burchard, M., Schertl, H-P., and Maresch, W.V. (2008) Common high-pressure metamorphic history of eclogite lenses and surrounding metasediments: a case study of calc–silicate reaction zones (Erzgebirge, Germany). European Journal of Mineralogy, 20, 757–775.10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1861Search in Google Scholar

Guo, S., Chen, Y., Liu, C-Z., Wang, J-G., Su, B., Gao, Y-J., Wu, F-Y., Sein, K., Yang, Y-H., and Mao, Q. (2016) Scheelite and coexisting F-rich zoned garnet, vesuvianite, fluorite, and apatite in calc-silicate rocks from the Mogok metamorphic belt, Myanmar: implications for metasomatism in marble and the role of halogens in W mobilization and mineralization. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 117, 82–106.10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.12.004Search in Google Scholar

Hofmeister, A.M., Schaal, R.B., Campbell, K.R., Berry, S.L., and Fagan, T.J. (1998) Prevalence and origin of birefringence in 48 garnets from the pyrope–almandine–grossularite–spessartine quaternary. American Mineralogist, 83, 1293–1301.10.2138/am-1998-11-1218Search in Google Scholar

Holten, T., Jamtveit, B., and Meakin, P. (2000) Noise and oscillatory zoning of minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 1893–1904.10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00444-5Search in Google Scholar

Holten, T., Jamtveit, B., Meakin, P., Cortini, M., Blundy, J., and Austrheim, H. (1997) Statistical characteristics and origin of oscillatory zoning in crystals. American Mineralogist, 82, 596–606.10.2138/am-1997-5-619Search in Google Scholar

Hu, X.L., Ding, Z.J., He, M.C., Yao, S.Z., Zhu, B.P., Shen, J., and Chen, B. (2014) Two epochs of magmatism and metallogeny in the Cuihongshan Fe-polymetallic deposit, Heilongjiang Province, NE China: constrains from U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 143, 116–126.10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.03.027Search in Google Scholar

Huckenholz, H.G., and Fehr, K.T. (1982) Stability relationships of grossular+quartz+w ollastonite+anorthite. II. The effect of grandite-hydrograndite solid solution. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Abhandlungen, 145, 1–33.Search in Google Scholar

Ismail, R., Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., Teale, G.S., Giles, D., Mumm, A.S., and Wade, B. (2014) Rare earths and other trace elements in minerals from skarn assemblages, Hillside iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Lithos, 184-187, 456–477.10.1016/j.lithos.2013.07.023Search in Google Scholar

Jaffe, H.W. (1951) The role of yttrium and other minor elements in garnet group. American Mineralogist, 36, 133–155.Search in Google Scholar

Jamtveit, B. (1991) Oscillatory zonation patterns in hydrothermal grossular-andradite garnet: nonlinear dynamics in regions of immiscibility. American Mineralogist, 76, 1319–1327.Search in Google Scholar

Jamtveit, B., and Hervig, R.L. (1994) Constraints on transport and kinetics in hydrothermal systems from zoned garnet crystals. Science, 263, 505–508.10.1126/science.263.5146.505Search in Google Scholar

Jamtveit, B., Ragnarsdottir, K.V., and Wood, B.J. (1995) On the origin of zoned grossular-andradite garnets in hydrothermal systems. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7, 1399–1410.10.1127/ejm/7/6/1399Search in Google Scholar

Jamtveit, B., Wogelius, R.A., and Fraser, D. G. (1993) Zonation patterns of skarn garnets: records of hydrothermal system evolution. Geology, 21, 113–116.10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0113:ZPOSGR>2.3.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Lessing, P., and Standish, R.P. (1973) Zoned garnet from Crested Butte, Colorado. American Mineralogist, 58, 840–842.Search in Google Scholar

Locock, A.J. (2008) An Excel spreadsheet to recast analyses of garnet into end-member components, and a synopsis of the crystal chemistry of natural silicate garnets. Computer & Geosciences, 34, 1769–1780.10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.013Search in Google Scholar

Manning, C.E., and Bird, D.K. (1990) Fluorian garnets from the host rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion: implications for metamorphic fluid composition. American Mineralogist, 77, 859–873.Search in Google Scholar

Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., and Cook, N. (2011) Mesozoic metallogeny in East China and corresponding geodynamic settings: an introduction to the special issue. Ore Geology Reviews, 43, 1–7.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.09.003Search in Google Scholar

McAloon, B.P., and Hofmeister, A.M. (1993) Single-crystal absorption and reflection infrared spectroscopy of birefringent grossular-andradite garnets. American Mineralogist, 78, 957–967.Search in Google Scholar

Meinert, L.D., Dipple, G.M., and Nicolescu, S. (2005) World skarn deposit. Economic Geology, 100, 299–336.10.5382/AV100.11Search in Google Scholar

Moretti, R., and Ottonello, G. (1998) An appraisal of endmember energy and mixing properties of the rare earth garnets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1147–1173.10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00033-7Search in Google Scholar

Orhan, A. (2017) Evolution of the Mo-rich scheelite skarn mineralization at Kozbudaklar, Western Anatolia, Turkey: evidence from mineral chemistry and fluid inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews, 80, 141–165.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.029Search in Google Scholar

Ottonello, G., Bokreta, M., and Sciuto, P.F. (1996) Parameterization of energy and interactions in garnets: end-member properties. American Mineralogist, 81, 429–447.10.2138/am-1996-3-417Search in Google Scholar

Park, C., Choi, W., Kim, H., Park, M., Kang, I., and Lee, H. (2017) Oscillatory zoning in skarn garnet: implication for tungsten ore exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 89, 1006–1018.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.003Search in Google Scholar

Peng, H-J., Mao, J.W., Hou, L., Shu, Q-H., Zhang, C-Q., Liu, H., and Zhou, Y-M. (2016) Stable isotope and fluid inclusion constraints on the source and evolution of ore fluids in the Hongniu-Hongshan Cu skarn deposit, Yunnan Province, China. Economic Geology, 111, 1369–1396.10.2113/econgeo.111.6.1369Search in Google Scholar

Pollok, K., Jamtveit, B., and Purnis, A. (2001) Analytical transmission electron microscopy of oscillatory zoned grandite garnets. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 141, 358–366.10.1007/s004100100248Search in Google Scholar

Ranjbar, S., Tabatabaei Manesh, S.M., Mackizadeh, M.A., Tabatabaei, S.H., and Parfenova, O.V. (2016) Geochemistry of major and rare earth elements in garnet of the Kale Kafi skarn, Anarak Area, Central Iran: constraints on processes in a hydrothermal system. Geochemistry International, 54(5), 423–438.10.1134/S0016702916050098Search in Google Scholar

Rossman, G.R., and Aines, R.D. (1991) The hydrous components in garnets: grossular-hydrogrossular. American Mineralogist, 76, 1153–1164.Search in Google Scholar

Sepidbar, F., Mirnejad, H., Li, J., Wei, C., and George, L.L. (2017) Mineral geochemistry of the Sangan skarn deposit, NE Iran: implication for the evolution of hydrothermal fluid. Geochemistry, 77(3), 399–419.10.1016/j.chemer.2017.07.008Search in Google Scholar

Shannon, R.D. (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and calcogenides. Acta Crystallographica, A32, 751–767.10.1107/S0567739476001551Search in Google Scholar

Shore, M., and Fowler, A.D. (1996) Oscillatory zoning in minerals: a common phenomenon. Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 1111–1126.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, M.P., Henderson, P., Jeffries, T.E.R., Long, J., and Williams, C.T. (2004) The rare earth elements and Uranium in garnets from the Beinn an Dubhaich Aureole, Skye, Scotland, UK: constraints on processes in a dynamic hydrothermal system. Journal of Petrology, 45, 457–484.10.1093/petrology/egg087Search in Google Scholar

Streck, M.J. (2008) Mineral textures and zoning as evidence for open system processes. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, 69, 595–622.10.2138/rmg.2008.69.15Search in Google Scholar

Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 313–345.10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19Search in Google Scholar

van Westrenen, W., Allan, N.L., Blundy, J.D., Lavrentiev, M.Y., Lucas, B.R., and Purton, J.A. (2003) Dopant incorporation into garnet solid solutions-a breakdown of Goldschmidt’s first rule. Chemical Communications, 6, 767–787.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, L.P., Essene, E.J., and Zhang, Y. (2000) Direct observation of immiscibility in pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet. American Mineralogist, 85, 41–46.10.2138/am-2000-0106Search in Google Scholar

White, W.M. (2013) Geochemistry, 600 p. Wiley-Blackwell, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Xie, G.Q., Mao, J.W., Bagas, L., Fu, B., and Zhang, Z.Y. (2019) Mineralogy and titanite geochronology of the Caojiaba W deposit, Xiangzhong metallogenic province, southern China: implications for a distal reduced skarn W formation. Mineralium Deposita, 54(3), 459–472.10.1007/s00126-018-0816-2Search in Google Scholar

Xu, J., Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., Zheng, Y., Sun, X., and Wade, B.P. (2016) Skarn formation and trace elements in garnet and associated minerals from Zhibula copper deposit, Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet. Lithos, 262, 213–231.10.1016/j.lithos.2016.07.010Search in Google Scholar

Yardley, B.W.D., Rochelle, C.A., Barnicoat, A.C., and Lloyd, G.E. (1991) Oscillatory zoning in metamorphic minerals: an indicator of infiltration metasomatism. Mineralogical Magazine, 55, 357–365.10.1180/minmag.1991.055.380.06Search in Google Scholar

Yu, J.J., Wang, F., Xu, W.L., Gao, F.H., and Pei, F.P. (2012) Early Jurassic mafic magmatism in the Lesser Xing’an-Zhangguangcai Range, NE China, and its tectonic implications: constraints from zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemistry. Lithos, 142-143, 256–266.10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.016Search in Google Scholar

Zaw, K., and Singoyi, B. (2000) Formation of magnetite-scheelite skarn mineralization at Kara, Northwestern Tasmania: evidence from mineral chemistry and stable isotopes. Economic Geology, 95, 1215–1230.10.2113/gsecongeo.95.6.1215Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., Shao, Y., Wu, C., and Chen, H. (2017) LA-ICP-MS trace element geochemistry of garnets: constraints on hydrothermal fluid evolution and genesis of the Xinqiao Cu-S-Fe-Au deposit, eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 86, 426–439.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.03.005Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, W.W., Zhou, M-F., Chen, W.T. (2016) Growth of hydrothermal baddeleyite and zircon in different stages of skarnization. American Mineralogist, 101, 2689–2700.10.2138/am-2016-5706Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-01-19
Accepted: 2019-06-17
Published Online: 2019-09-27
Published in Print: 2019-10-25

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Carbonation and the Urey reaction
  2. Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability
  3. PO4 adsorption on the calcite surface modulates calcite formation and crystal size
  4. High-pressure Raman and Nd3+ luminescence spectroscopy of bastnäsite-(REE)CO3F
  5. Precipitates of α-cristobalite and silicate glass in UHP clinopyroxene from a Bohemian Massif eclogite
  6. Solubility behavior of δ-AlOOH and ɛ-FeOOH at high pressures
  7. Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
  8. Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
  9. Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
  10. Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
  11. Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
  12. Cation ordering, valence states, and symmetry breaking in the crystal-chemically complex mineral chevkinite-(Ce): Recrystallization, transformation, and metamict states in chevkinite
  13. Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China
  14. Origin of Monte Rosa whiteschist from in-situ tourmaline and quartz oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS using new tourmaline reference materials
  15. Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite
  16. Letter
  17. Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing phase E and seismic detection of water in Earth’s upper mantle
  18. Book Review
  19. Book Review
Downloaded on 1.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2019-6968/html
Scroll to top button