Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
Abstract
The grossular-andradite solid solutions in garnet from skarn deposits in relation to hydrothermal processes and physicochemical conditions of ore formation remain controversial. Here we investigate garnet occurring in association with calcic and magnesian skarn rocks in the Cuihongshan polymetallic skarn deposit of NE China. The calcic skarn rocks contain three types of garnets. (1) Prograde type I Al-rich anisotropic garnets display polysynthetic twinning and a compositional range of Grs18–80Adr10–75. This type of garnet shows markedly low rare earth element (REE) contents (3.27–78.26 ppm) and is strongly depleted in light rare earth elements (LREE, 0.57–44.65 ppm) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE, 2.31–59.19 ppm). They also display a significantly negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* of 0.03–0.90). (2) Fe-rich retrograde type II garnets are anisotropic with oscillatory zoning and own wide compositional variations (Grs1–47Adr30–95) with flat REE (13.73–377.08 ppm) patterns. (3) Fe-rich retrograde type III isotropic garnets display oscillatory zoning and morphological transition from planar dodecahedral {110} crystal faces to {211} crystal faces in the margin. Types III garnets exhibit relatively narrow compositional variations of Grs0.1–12Adr85–97 with LREE-enrichment (0.80–51.87 ppm), flat HREE patterns (0.15–2.46 ppm) and strong positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* of 0.93–27.07 with almost all >1). The magnesian skarn rocks contain euhedral isotropic type IV Mn-rich garnet veins with a composition of Grs10–23Sps48–62Alm14–29. All calcic garnets contain considerable Sn and W contents. Type II garnet containing intermediate compositions of andradite and grossular shows the highest Sn contents (64.36–2778.92 ppm), albeit the lowest W range (1.11–468.44 ppm). Birefringence of garnet is probably caused by strain from lattice mismatch at a twinning boundary or ion substitution near intermediate compositions of grossular-andradite. The fine-scale, sharp, and straight garnet zones are probably caused by self-organization, but the compositional variations of zones from core to rim are probably caused by external factors. The zoning is likely driven by external factors such as composition of the hydrothermal fluid. REE concentrations are probably influenced by the relative proportion and temperature of the system. Moreover, the LREE-HREE fractionation of garnet can be attributed to relative compositions of grossular-andradite system. The W and Sn concentrations in garnet can be used as indicators for the exploration of W-Sn skarn deposits.
Funding and Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0600502) and the 973 program (2012CB416802). We are grateful to Don Baker and Gregory Dumond, for their helpful suggestions and anonymous referees for their thoughful and constructive comments to improved this paper. We are grateful to Xin Guangde, engineer of the Cuihongshan mining company for his guidance during our field trip. We also thank Li Guowu for his help in mineral analysis..
References cited
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Articles in the same Issue
- Carbonation and the Urey reaction
- Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability
- PO4 adsorption on the calcite surface modulates calcite formation and crystal size
- High-pressure Raman and Nd3+ luminescence spectroscopy of bastnäsite-(REE)CO3F
- Precipitates of α-cristobalite and silicate glass in UHP clinopyroxene from a Bohemian Massif eclogite
- Solubility behavior of δ-AlOOH and ɛ-FeOOH at high pressures
- Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
- Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
- Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
- Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
- Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
- Cation ordering, valence states, and symmetry breaking in the crystal-chemically complex mineral chevkinite-(Ce): Recrystallization, transformation, and metamict states in chevkinite
- Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China
- Origin of Monte Rosa whiteschist from in-situ tourmaline and quartz oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS using new tourmaline reference materials
- Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite
- Letter
- Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing phase E and seismic detection of water in Earth’s upper mantle
- Book Review
- Book Review
Articles in the same Issue
- Carbonation and the Urey reaction
- Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability
- PO4 adsorption on the calcite surface modulates calcite formation and crystal size
- High-pressure Raman and Nd3+ luminescence spectroscopy of bastnäsite-(REE)CO3F
- Precipitates of α-cristobalite and silicate glass in UHP clinopyroxene from a Bohemian Massif eclogite
- Solubility behavior of δ-AlOOH and ɛ-FeOOH at high pressures
- Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales
- Identification of interstratified mica and pyrophyllite monolayers within chlorite using advanced scanning/transmission electron microscopy
- Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
- Factors controlling the crystal morphology and chemistry of garnet in skarn deposits: A case study from the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
- Gasparite-(La), La(AsO4), a new mineral from Mn ores of the Ushkatyn-III deposit, Central Kazakhstan, and metamorphic rocks of the Wanni glacier, Switzerland
- Cation ordering, valence states, and symmetry breaking in the crystal-chemically complex mineral chevkinite-(Ce): Recrystallization, transformation, and metamict states in chevkinite
- Discrete Zr and REE mineralization of the Baerzhe rare-metal deposit, China
- Origin of Monte Rosa whiteschist from in-situ tourmaline and quartz oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS using new tourmaline reference materials
- Chenmingite, FeCr2O4 in the CaFe2O4-type structure, a shock-induced, high-pressure mineral in the Tissint martian meteorite
- Letter
- Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing phase E and seismic detection of water in Earth’s upper mantle
- Book Review
- Book Review