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New insights into the metallogeny of MVT Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Nayongzhi in South China, using field data, fluid compositions, and in situ S-Pb isotopes

  • Jia-Xi Zhou EMAIL logo , Xuan-Ce Wang , Simon A. Wilde , Kai Luo , Zhi-Long Huang , Tao Wu and Zhong-Guo Jin
Published/Copyright: January 2, 2018
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Abstract

The newly discovered Nayongzhi Zn-Pb deposit (>20 Mt ores at 1.11–15.65 wt% Zn and 0.59–0.97 wt% Pb) in NW Guizhou province, South China, is hosted by late Ediacaran and early Cambrian carbonate rocks. The ore body is structurally controlled by a kilometer-scale reverse fault-anticline system and occurs as stratiform, lentiform, or steeply dipping vein structures. Its geological feature is comparable to that of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn-Pb deposits. δ34S values (+11.8 to +33.0‰) of sulfide minerals determined by NanoSIMS have a larger range than those determined by conventional bulk analysis (δ34S = +18.12 to +24.79‰). This suggests that S isotopes determined by in situ analysis can reflect the nature of fractionation involved in mineralization. Furthermore, cores of sulfide crystals have higher δ34S values (+26.1 to +33.0‰) than their rims (+11.8 to +24.5‰). This implies a mixture of multiple S reservoirs or a Rayleigh fractionation of S isotopes occurred during ore formation process. Additionally, both S isotopic compositions determined by in situ and bulk analyses reflect the enrichment of 34S in hydrothermal fluid (δ34Sfluid > +11.8‰), a typical characteristic of marine sulfate-derived S. Such S isotopic signatures also show that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) is the dominant mechanism for the incorporation of S2− from SO42. Pb isotopic ratios of galena obtained by femtosecond LA-MC-ICPMS plot in the field that overlaps with the Pb evolution curve of upper crust contributed to the orogeny and the field of modern lower crust, and can be compared to the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. The means that the majority of Pb metal is sourced from the basement rocks. Although δ13C values (–4.1 to +0.5‰) of calcite separates and corresponding fluids are similar to both fresh limestone (–1.7 to +1.3‰) and typical marine carbonate rocks, the δ18O values (+12.4 to +14.1‰) are significantly lower than both limestone (+24.1 to +25.5‰) and marine carbonate rocks. Such C-O isotopic characteristics suggest that the source of C is ore-hosting carbonate rocks, whereas O has a mixed source of metamorphic fluids and carbonate rocks resulting from water/rock (W/R) interaction. This study demonstrates that (1) fluid mixing caused rapid sulfide precipitation, resulting in significant fractionation of S isotopes; and (2) both the W/R interaction and CO2 degassing controlled local carbonate cyclic process of dissolution → re-crystallization, which provided metastable physical and chemical conditions for giant sulfide mineralization. These two processes are crucial in forming MVT deposits.

Acknowledgments

We thank Lin Ye and Rui-Zhong Hu (IGCAS), and David Leach (U.S. Geological Survey) for fruitful discussions. Fang-Zhen Teng (Associate Editor), Ben-Xun Su, and anonymous reviewers are also thanked for their constructive suggestions and comments. This research was financially supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41430315), the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB440905), the Visiting Scholar Project of China Scholarship Council to Jia-Xi Zhou (201604910455), and ARC Future Fellowship (No. FT140100826) to Xuan-Ce Wang.

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Received: 2017-7-10
Accepted: 2017-8-30
Published Online: 2018-1-2
Published in Print: 2018-1-26

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. The third isotope of the third element on the third planet
  2. Visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectral characterization of Hawaiian fumarolic alteration near Kilauea’s December 1974 flow: Implications for spectral discrimination of alteration environments on Mars
  3. Magnetite-apatite deposit from Sri Lanka: Implications on Kiruna-type mineralization associated with ultramafic intrusion and mantle metasomatism
  4. The ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal system of the Piaotang W-Sn deposit (Jiangxi, China) as seen from Li-mica geochemistry
  5. Chlorine incorporation into amphibole and biotite in high-grade iron-formations: Interplay between crystallography and metamorphic fluids
  6. Depth of formation of super-deep diamonds: Raman barometry of CaSiO3-walstromite inclusions
  7. Microtexture investigation of amblygonite–montebrasite series with lacroixite: Characteristics and formation process in pegmatites
  8. Sound velocity measurements of hcp Fe-Si alloy at high pressure and high temperature by inelastic X-ray scattering
  9. New insights into the metallogeny of MVT Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Nayongzhi in South China, using field data, fluid compositions, and in situ S-Pb isotopes
  10. Slow weathering of a sandstone-derived Podzol (Falkland Islands) resulting in high content of a non-crystalline silicate
  11. Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of REEs in the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization, SE Sweden
  12. Leesite, K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O, a new K-bearing schoepite-family mineral from the Jomac mine, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A
  13. Chromium-bearing phases in the Earth’s mantle: Evidence from experiments in the Mg2SiO4–MgCr2O4 system at 10–24 GPa and 1600 °C
  14. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  15. High-pressure phase transitions in MgCr2O4·Mg2SiO4 composition: Reactions between olivine and chromite with implications for ultrahigh-pressure chromitites
  16. Letter
  17. A novel carbon bonding environment in deep mantle high-pressure dolomite
  18. Letter
  19. Structuration under pressure: Spatial separation of inserted water during pressure-induced hydration in mesolite
  20. Book Review
  21. Book Review: The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: From Spirit to Curiosity
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