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Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of REEs in the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization, SE Sweden

  • Stefan S. Andersson EMAIL logo , Thomas Wagner , Erik Jonsson and Radoslaw M. Michallik
Published/Copyright: January 2, 2018
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 103 Issue 1

Abstract

The rapidly growing use of rare earth elements and yttrium (REE) in modern-day technologies, not least within the fields of green and carbon-free energy applications, requires exploitation of new REE deposits and deposit types. In this perspective, it is vital to develop a fundamental understanding of the behavior of REE in natural hydrothermal systems and the formation of hydrothermal REE deposits. In this study, we establish a mineralogical, textural, and mineral-chemical framework for a new type of deposit, the hydrothermal Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization in SE Sweden. An early, high-temperature REE stage is characterized by abundant monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) coexisting with fluorapatite and subordinate amounts of (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb,Ta) oxides. During a subsequent stage, allanite-(Ce) and ferriallanite-(Ce) formed locally, partly resulting from the breakdown of primary monazite-(Ce). Alteration of allanite-(Ce) or ferriallanite-(Ce) to bastnäsite-(Ce) and minor synchysite-(Ce) at lower temperatures represents the latest stage of REE mineral formation. The paragenetic sequence and mineral chemistry of the allanites record an increase in Ca content in the fluid. We suggest that this local increase in Ca, in conjunction with changes in oxidation state, were the key factors controlling the stability of monazite-(Ce) in the assemblages of the Olserum-Djupedal deposit. We interpret the alteration and replacement of primary monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), fluorapatite, and minor (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb,Ta) oxide phase(s), to be the consequence of coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes. These processes mobilized REE, Th, U, and Nb-Ta, which caused the formation of secondary monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), fluorapatite, and minor amounts of allanite-(Ce) and ferriallanite-(Ce). In addition, these alteration processes produced uraninite, thorite, columbite-(Fe), and uncharacterized (Th,U,Y,Ca)-silicates. Textural relations show that the dissolution-reprecipitation processes affecting fluorapatite preceded those affecting monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), and the (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb,Ta) oxide phase(s). The mineralogy of the primary ore mineralization and the subsequently formed alteration assemblages demonstrate the combined mobility of REE and HFSE in a natural F-bearing high-temperature hydrothermal system. The observed coprecipitation of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), and fluorapatite during the primary REE mineralization stage highlights the need for further research on the potentially important role of the phosphate ligand in hydrothermal REE transporting systems.

Keywords: Rare earth elements; hydrothermal; monazite; xenotime; allanite; apatite; Olserum; Sweden

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible by funding to S.S.A. from the GeoDoc Graduate Program (Graduate School, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki) and complementary funding to T.W. from the Academy of Finland (Project No. 280458). E.J. acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) to Uppsala University, and from the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU). The outstanding support from Tasman Metals, and in particular from Magnus Leijd and Johan Berg during fieldwork, is greatly acknowledged. We thank Helena Korkka for the preparation of polished thin sections, and Tobias Fusswinkel for assistance with LA-ICP-MS analysis. Daniel Harlov (GFZ Potsdam, Germany) generously provided synthetic REE- and Y-phosphate standards for EPMA analysis, which is greatly appreciated. We thank Sam Broom-Fendley and Daniel Harlov for their constructive reviews, which helped to improve the manuscript.

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Received: 2017-5-30
Accepted: 2017-9-16
Published Online: 2018-1-2
Published in Print: 2018-1-26

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  2. The third isotope of the third element on the third planet
  4. Visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectral characterization of Hawaiian fumarolic alteration near Kilauea’s December 1974 flow: Implications for spectral discrimination of alteration environments on Mars
  6. Magnetite-apatite deposit from Sri Lanka: Implications on Kiruna-type mineralization associated with ultramafic intrusion and mantle metasomatism
  8. The ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal system of the Piaotang W-Sn deposit (Jiangxi, China) as seen from Li-mica geochemistry
  10. Chlorine incorporation into amphibole and biotite in high-grade iron-formations: Interplay between crystallography and metamorphic fluids
  12. Depth of formation of super-deep diamonds: Raman barometry of CaSiO3-walstromite inclusions
  14. Microtexture investigation of amblygonite–montebrasite series with lacroixite: Characteristics and formation process in pegmatites
  16. Sound velocity measurements of hcp Fe-Si alloy at high pressure and high temperature by inelastic X-ray scattering
  18. New insights into the metallogeny of MVT Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Nayongzhi in South China, using field data, fluid compositions, and in situ S-Pb isotopes
  20. Slow weathering of a sandstone-derived Podzol (Falkland Islands) resulting in high content of a non-crystalline silicate
  22. Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of REEs in the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization, SE Sweden
  24. Leesite, K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O, a new K-bearing schoepite-family mineral from the Jomac mine, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A
  26. Chromium-bearing phases in the Earth’s mantle: Evidence from experiments in the Mg2SiO4–MgCr2O4 system at 10–24 GPa and 1600 °C
  27. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  28. High-pressure phase transitions in MgCr2O4·Mg2SiO4 composition: Reactions between olivine and chromite with implications for ultrahigh-pressure chromitites
  29. Letter
  30. A novel carbon bonding environment in deep mantle high-pressure dolomite
  31. Letter
  32. Structuration under pressure: Spatial separation of inserted water during pressure-induced hydration in mesolite
  33. Book Review
  34. Book Review: The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: From Spirit to Curiosity
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6202
Keywords for this article
Rare earth elements; hydrothermal; monazite; xenotime; allanite; apatite; Olserum; Sweden

Articles in the same Issue

  2. The third isotope of the third element on the third planet
  4. Visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared spectral characterization of Hawaiian fumarolic alteration near Kilauea’s December 1974 flow: Implications for spectral discrimination of alteration environments on Mars
  6. Magnetite-apatite deposit from Sri Lanka: Implications on Kiruna-type mineralization associated with ultramafic intrusion and mantle metasomatism
  8. The ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal system of the Piaotang W-Sn deposit (Jiangxi, China) as seen from Li-mica geochemistry
  10. Chlorine incorporation into amphibole and biotite in high-grade iron-formations: Interplay between crystallography and metamorphic fluids
  12. Depth of formation of super-deep diamonds: Raman barometry of CaSiO3-walstromite inclusions
  14. Microtexture investigation of amblygonite–montebrasite series with lacroixite: Characteristics and formation process in pegmatites
  16. Sound velocity measurements of hcp Fe-Si alloy at high pressure and high temperature by inelastic X-ray scattering
  18. New insights into the metallogeny of MVT Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Nayongzhi in South China, using field data, fluid compositions, and in situ S-Pb isotopes
  20. Slow weathering of a sandstone-derived Podzol (Falkland Islands) resulting in high content of a non-crystalline silicate
  22. Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of REEs in the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization, SE Sweden
  24. Leesite, K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O, a new K-bearing schoepite-family mineral from the Jomac mine, San Juan County, Utah, U.S.A
  26. Chromium-bearing phases in the Earth’s mantle: Evidence from experiments in the Mg2SiO4–MgCr2O4 system at 10–24 GPa and 1600 °C
  27. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  28. High-pressure phase transitions in MgCr2O4·Mg2SiO4 composition: Reactions between olivine and chromite with implications for ultrahigh-pressure chromitites
  29. Letter
  30. A novel carbon bonding environment in deep mantle high-pressure dolomite
  31. Letter
  32. Structuration under pressure: Spatial separation of inserted water during pressure-induced hydration in mesolite
  33. Book Review
  34. Book Review: The International Atlas of Mars Exploration: From Spirit to Curiosity
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