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Geochemistry, petrologic evolution, and ore deposits of the Miocene Bodie Hills Volcanic Field, California and Nevada

  • Edward A. du Bray EMAIL logo , David A. John , Brian L. Cousens , Leslie A. Hayden and Peter G. Vikre
Published/Copyright: March 4, 2016
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 101 Issue 3

Abstract

The southern segment of the ancestral Cascades magmatic arc includes numerous volcanic fields; among these, the Bodie Hills volcanic field (BHVF), astride the California-Nevada border north of Mono Lake, is one of the largest (>700 km2) and most well studied. Episodic magmatism in the BHVF spanned about 9 million years between about 15 and 6 Ma; magmatic output was greatest between ca. 15.0 to 12.6 Ma and ca. 9.9 to 8.0 Ma.

About two dozen contiguous and coalescing eruptive centers above middle- to shallow-crustal-level reservoirs generated several trachyandesite stratovolcanoes and numerous silicic trachyandesite to rhyolite flow dome complexes whose compositional variations are consistent with fractionation of observed phenocryst phases. BHVF rocks have high-potassium calc-alkaline compositions consistent with generation of subduction-related continental margin arc magmas beneath thick continental crust. Radiogenic isotope ratios in BHVF rocks vary considerably but suggest somewhat enriched, crustal sources; isotopic ratios for some of the more primitive units are consistent with more depleted, mantle sources. Neither age nor whole-rock compositions of BHVF rocks are well correlated with isotopic variations. Textures and compositions of phenocrysts in BHVF rocks are in accord with the associated magma reservoirs evolving via open-system behavior. Reservoir recharge and subsequent incomplete homogenization are evidenced by the broad compositional diversity characteristic of many BHVF eruptive units. Significant compositional diversity among the products of coeval eruptive centers further suggests that centers responsible for BHVF magmatism were underlain by small, discrete, compositionally distinct, and closely spaced reservoirs.

Volcanic rocks of the BHVF host quartz-adularia and quartz-alunite epithermal gold-silver deposits, from which about 3.4 Moz. of gold and 28 Moz. of silver have been produced. The volcanic rocks and contained deposits are broadly coeval, which suggests that the associated magmas are the sources of heat, fluids, and metals involved in deposit genesis. Characteristics of the quartz-adularia deposits are consistent with derivation from near-neutral pH fluids at ?250 °C, whereas those of the quartz-alunite systems require more acidic, oxidized, and sulfur-rich fluids at temperatures <250 °C. Economically viable precious metal accumulations are in fault-hosted vein deposits in the Bodie and Aurora districts. Circulation of hydrothermal fluids through permeable pyroclastic deposits but lacking prominent structural conduits resulted in large areas of altered but unmineralized rock.

Keywords: Arc magmatism; geochemistry; petrogenesis; mineral deposits; tectonic setting

Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the USGS Mineral Resources Program. We gratefully acknowledge the insights and reviews by C.S. Holm-Denoma, W.C. Day, E.H. Christiansen, and C.J. Busby that helped improve this study. We thank Dan Stepner, Lizzy Ann Spencer, and Shuangquan Zhang for assistance in the IGGRC radiogenic isotope lab at Carleton. This is IGGRC contribution number 59. Finally, we thank C.N. Mercer, Associate Editor at American Mineralogist, for handling the review and editorial aspects of this submission so effectively. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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  1. Manuscript handled by Celestine Mercer.

Received: 2015-5-28
Accepted: 2015-10-18
Published Online: 2016-3-4
Published in Print: 2016-3-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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  3. Fluids in the Crust
  4. Fluids in the crust during regional metamorphism: Forty years in the Waterville limestone
  5. Research Article
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  25. Special Collection: From Magmas to Ore Deposits
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  44. New Mineral Names
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5440
Keywords for this article
Arc magmatism; geochemistry; petrogenesis; mineral deposits; tectonic setting

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Editorial
  2. The most-cited journal in mineralogy and petrology (and what scientists can learn from baseball)
  3. Fluids in the Crust
  4. Fluids in the crust during regional metamorphism: Forty years in the Waterville limestone
  5. Research Article
  6. Remanent magnetization, magnetic coupling, and interface ionic configurations of intergrown rhombohedral and cubic Fe-Ti oxides: A short survey
  7. Research Article
  8. Are covalent bonds really directed?
  9. Dana Medal Paper
  10. Constraints on the early delivery and fractionation of Earth’s major volatiles from C/H, C/N, and C/S ratios
  11. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  12. Octahedral chemistry of 2:1 clay minerals and hydroxyl band position in the near-infrared: Application to Mars
  13. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  14. Multi-stage barite crystallization in partially melted UHP eclogite from the Sulu belt, China
  15. Spinels Renaissance: The Past, Present, and Future of those Ubiquitous Minerals and Materials
  16. Crystal chemistry of spinels in the system MgAl2O4-MgV2O4-Mg2VO4
  17. Spinels Renaissance: The Past, Present, and Future of those Ubiquitous Minerals and Materials
  18. Magnetite spherules in pyroclastic iron ore at El Laco, Chile
  19. Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
  20. Evidence for dissolution-reprecipitation of apatite and preferential LREE mobility in carbonatite-derived late-stage hydrothermal processes
  21. Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
  22. Compositional variation of apatite from rift-related alkaline igneous rocks of the Gardar Province, South Greenland
  23. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  24. Dynamics and thermodynamics of magma mixing: Insights from a simple exploratory model
  25. Special Collection: From Magmas to Ore Deposits
  26. Geochemistry, petrologic evolution, and ore deposits of the Miocene Bodie Hills Volcanic Field, California and Nevada
  27. Research Article
  28. Recognizing sulfate and phosphate complexes chemisorbed onto nanophase weathering products on Mars using in-situ and remote observations
  29. Research Article
  30. Crystallographic orientation relationships in host–inclusion systems: New insights from large EBSD data sets
  31. Research Article
  32. In-situ infrared spectroscopic studies of hydroxyl in amphiboles at high pressure
  33. Research Article
  34. Confined water in tunnel nanopores of sepiolite: Insights from molecular simulations
  35. Research Article
  36. Equation of state of the high-pressure Fe3O4 phase and a new structural transition at 70 GPa
  37. Research Article
  38. Reflectance spectroscopy of chromium-bearing spinel with application to recent orbital data from the Moon
  39. Research Article
  40. Temperature dependences of the hyperfine parameters of Fe2+ in FeTiO3 as determined by 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy
  41. Letter
  42. Accurate predictions of iron redox state in silicate glasses: A multivariate approach using X-ray absorption spectroscopy
  43. Research Article
  44. New Mineral Names
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