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Fluids in the crust during regional metamorphism: Forty years in the Waterville limestone

  • John M. Ferry EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 4, 2016
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 101 Issue 3

Abstract

Research over the last four decades on carbonate rocks of the Waterville limestone, Maine, U.S.A., has contributed to the development of both concepts and methodologies for understanding fuid-rock interaction during regional metamorphism, including: (1) buffering of fluid composition by mineral reactions, (2) infiltration of carbonate rocks by aqueous fluids, (3) petrologic fluid-rock ratios, (4) infiltration-driven metamorphism, (5) one- and two-dimensional continuum models for coupled fluid flow and mineral reaction, (6) time-integrated fluid fluxes, and (7) channelized, horizontal fluid flow in the direction of increasing temperature within chemically isolated layers. Disagreement between the last concept and both hydrodynamic models for metamorphic fluid flow and empirical evidence for homogenization of fluid composition at a scale much larger than layer thickness motivated development of the latest models for coupled fluid flow and mineral reaction in the Waterville limestone. The new models consider a flow medium composed of layers that differ in the initial amounts and compositions of minerals, both horizontal flow in the direction of increasing temperature and vertical flow in the direction of decreasing pressure and temperature, significant but imperfect homogenization of fluid composition across layering by CO2-H2O interdiffusion, and infiltration by fluids that are spatially variable in composition on the kilometer scale with CO2 content increasing with increasing grade of metamorphism. The new models reproduce measured progress of the biotite-forming reaction in the Waterville limestone over a range of spatial scales spanning six orders of magnitude, from differences in reaction progress of up to a factor of ~100 between adjacent centimeter-thick layers to the coexistence of mineral reactants and products over a distance of ~13 km parallel to the metamorphic field gradient. Results imply that the present spatial distributions of reaction progress represent a steady state achieved when rocks closely approached equilibrium with the infiltrating fluid during metamorphism. The new models resolve what for many years appeared to be fundamental discrepancies among petrologic data for regionally metamorphosed carbonate rocks, hydrodynamic models of regional metamorphism, and the length scales of mass transport of volatiles across layering by diffusion.

Keywords: Regional metamorphism; fluid-rock interaction; models for fluid flow; reaction progress; Waterville Formation, Maine; Invited Centennial article

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant number EAR-1118713). I warmly thank Jay Ague, Lukas Baumgartner, Mike Bickle, Katy Evans, Brooks Hanson, Peter Nabelek, Doug Rumble, and Danny Rye, all of my Ph.D. students, and many others for contributing over the last 40 yr to my better understanding of metamorphism. The paper was improved by the thoughtful, constructive reviews of Jay Ague, Katy Evans, and Sarah Penniston-Dorland.

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  1. Manuscript handled by Sarah Penniston-Dorland.

Received: 2014-7-7
Accepted: 2015-5-19
Published Online: 2016-3-4
Published in Print: 2016-3-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5118
Keywords for this article
Regional metamorphism; fluid-rock interaction; models for fluid flow; reaction progress; Waterville Formation, Maine; Invited Centennial article

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Editorial
  2. The most-cited journal in mineralogy and petrology (and what scientists can learn from baseball)
  3. Fluids in the Crust
  4. Fluids in the crust during regional metamorphism: Forty years in the Waterville limestone
  5. Research Article
  6. Remanent magnetization, magnetic coupling, and interface ionic configurations of intergrown rhombohedral and cubic Fe-Ti oxides: A short survey
  7. Research Article
  8. Are covalent bonds really directed?
  9. Dana Medal Paper
  10. Constraints on the early delivery and fractionation of Earth’s major volatiles from C/H, C/N, and C/S ratios
  11. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  12. Octahedral chemistry of 2:1 clay minerals and hydroxyl band position in the near-infrared: Application to Mars
  13. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  14. Multi-stage barite crystallization in partially melted UHP eclogite from the Sulu belt, China
  15. Spinels Renaissance: The Past, Present, and Future of those Ubiquitous Minerals and Materials
  16. Crystal chemistry of spinels in the system MgAl2O4-MgV2O4-Mg2VO4
  17. Spinels Renaissance: The Past, Present, and Future of those Ubiquitous Minerals and Materials
  18. Magnetite spherules in pyroclastic iron ore at El Laco, Chile
  19. Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
  20. Evidence for dissolution-reprecipitation of apatite and preferential LREE mobility in carbonatite-derived late-stage hydrothermal processes
  21. Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
  22. Compositional variation of apatite from rift-related alkaline igneous rocks of the Gardar Province, South Greenland
  23. Special Collection: Perspectives on Origins and Evolution of Crustal Magmas
  24. Dynamics and thermodynamics of magma mixing: Insights from a simple exploratory model
  25. Special Collection: From Magmas to Ore Deposits
  26. Geochemistry, petrologic evolution, and ore deposits of the Miocene Bodie Hills Volcanic Field, California and Nevada
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  28. Recognizing sulfate and phosphate complexes chemisorbed onto nanophase weathering products on Mars using in-situ and remote observations
  29. Research Article
  30. Crystallographic orientation relationships in host–inclusion systems: New insights from large EBSD data sets
  31. Research Article
  32. In-situ infrared spectroscopic studies of hydroxyl in amphiboles at high pressure
  33. Research Article
  34. Confined water in tunnel nanopores of sepiolite: Insights from molecular simulations
  35. Research Article
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