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Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) using microwave-assisted hydro distillation

  • Krishnendu Adhikary ORCID logo , Saurav Barman ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Pradipta Banerjee , Pallav Mondal , Bomba Dam , Arijit Misra , Narayan Chandra Mandal , Debosmita Mukherjee , Bidyut Bandyopadhyay and Rajkumar Maiti ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 25, 2024
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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C
From the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C Volume 80 Issue 5-6

Abstract

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil (LGEO) contains α-citral, β-citral and other phytochemicals extracted using various methods. This research extracted essential oils using steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) to maximize quantity and purity. LGEO was tested for antibacterial properties. LGEO was extracted using SD and compared to MAHD output based on oil production and chemical composition. We performed GCMS to characterize LGEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used for quantum chemical analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that SD extracted secondary metabolites (ethyl-linalool, isogeranial, β-citral, α-citral, geranyl acetate, and caryophyllene) yielded 9.7 %, 11.5 %, 35.4 %, 13.4 %, 6.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively, while MAHD yielded 10.2 %, 13.4 %, 43.2 %, 17.3 %, 6.9 %, and 7.3 %. MAHD extracted α and β citral content was better than SD extraction technique. FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry analysis showed extracted oil chemical composition, electronic structure of α and β citral isomers. In the disc-diffusion experiment, both extracts were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and harmful fungi. LGEO from SD and MAHD extraction (30 mg/mL) demonstrated disc diffusion assay antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. The two extracts effectively inhibited microorganisms with MIC values of 3.75 and 7.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that, LGEO have greater antimicrobial activity in MAHD extraction.

Keywords: Cymbopogon flexuosus ; steam distillation; microwave-assisted hydro distillation; citral; antibacterial effect; antifungal effect
Corresponding authors: Dr. Saurav Barman, Department of Soil Science, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, 761211, India, E-mail: ; and Dr. Rajkumar Maiti, Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal, 722101, India, E-mail:

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Centurion University of Technology and Management, Visva-Bharati and Oriental Institute of Science and Technology for providing all chemicals and lab facilities. The authors are also grateful to National Institute of Technology Durgapur, for the analysis of essential oil.

  1. Research ethics: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals.

  2. Author contributions: KA, SB, PB, and PM: data curation, conceptualization writing – original draft preparation. RM, BM, and AM: methodology, data curation, writing, – original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing. NCM, BB, and DM: conceptualization, validation, writing, reviewing, and editing.

  3. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  4. Conflicts of interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

  5. Research funding: This work is not supported by any extramural funding agencies.

  6. Data availability: Upon an appropriate request, the corresponding author will provide the data supporting the study’s findings.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2024-0095).

Received: 2024-02-29
Accepted: 2024-09-05
Published Online: 2024-09-25
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2024-0095
Keywords for this article
Cymbopogon flexuosus; steam distillation; microwave-assisted hydro distillation; citral; antibacterial effect; antifungal effect

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  2. Review Articles
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  7. Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) using microwave-assisted hydro distillation
  8. In silico DFT and molecular modeling of novel pyrazine-bearing thiazolidinone hybrids derivatives: elucidating in vitro anti-cancer and urease inhibitors
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